1. Landmark Cases
AP Government

2. Landmark Cases Marbury v Madison McCulloch v Maryland
Established “judicial review”— changed Supreme Court
National supremacy, elastic clause, Bank of the US.

3. Landmark Cases Gibbons v Ogden Barron v Baltimore
Only Congress can regulate interstate commerce. Waterways and transportation are interstate issues.
Eminent domain (5thAm.) only applies to federal government – not states.

4. Landmark Cases Dred Scott v Sanford Plessy v Ferguson
African Americans not citizens; can’t sue for freedom; Missouri Comp. unconstitutional.
Separate but equal okay; 14th Am. not intended to create equality

5. Landmark Cases Schenk v US Gitlow v New York
“Clear and present danger”/free speech/draft resistance
Pamphlets supported socialism; overrules Barron, 1st amendment applies to states (incorporation doctrine)

6. Landmark Cases Wolf v Colorado Brown v Board of Education (1)
Did not incorporate the exclusionary rule. Some illegally obtained evidence could be used in court.
Separate but equal inherently unconstitutional b/c of psychological effects on black children

7. Landmark Cases Brown v Board of Education (2) Mapp v Ohio
Complete Brown I with “all deliberate speed”
Illegally seized evidence cannot be used in court. “Exclusionary rule” applies to states. Overturned Wolf v. Colorado.

8. Landmark Cases Engel v Vitale Baker v Carr
Separation of church and state, banned school prayer, establishment clause
Supreme Court has jurisdiction over congressional reapportionment and can impose remedies; 1962

9. Landmark Cases Gideon v Wainright Wesberry v Sanders
Right to a lawyer if you can’t afford one.
Malapportionment of congressional districts illegal (1964 Georgia)

10. Landmark Cases Escobedo v Illinois Heart of Atlanta Motel v US
First time “right to remain silent” used; 6th Amendment; interrogations
Congress can prohibit discrimination in private business under authority to regulate interstate commerce (Civil Rights Act)

11. Landmark Cases Griswold v Connecticut Miranda v Arizona
Introduced “right to privacy” which isn’t specifically in Constitution; contraception privacy under the states.
Must be informed of rights to counsel and to remain silent for evidence to be used against you in court.

12. Landmark Cases Tinker v Des Moines Bradenberg v Ohio
Protects student speech in school if not disruptive (armbands)
Free speech (even hate speech) curtailed if calling for “imminent action”

13. Landmark Cases Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Lemon v Kurtzman
To remedy past discrimination, public schools may use racial quotas, redistrict, and bussing (14th amendment)
Laws or state action/funding cannot advance or inhibit religion

14. Landmark Cases NY Times v US Roe v Wade
Government must prove that national security is jeopardized before censuring publication; prior restraint
States can’t ban 1st trimester abortions; privacy

15. Landmark Cases Miller v California US v Nixon
Obscenity not protected by 1st amendment; defined as LAPS (no literary, artistic, political, scientific value)
There are limits on executive privilege/immunity (Watergate tapes)

16. Landmark Cases Buckley v Valeo UC Regents v Bakke
Upheld limits on individual campaign contributions (freedom of speech), but not candidate spending own $$
Quotas unconstitutional, but race can be admission factor

17. Landmark Cases Bob Jones University v US INS v Chadha
Religion not grounds for tax- exemption if violating rights (inter- racial)
Legislative veto of executive action unconstitutional

18. Landmark Cases New Jersey v TLO Texas v Johnson
School administrators can search students with just “reasonable suspicion”
Symbolic speech—burning US flag not unconstitutional

19. Landmark Cases Shaw v Reno US v Lopez
NC 12th district illegal b/c lines based solely on race (gerrymandered)
Returning power to the states (gun regulation exceeds commerce clause)

20. Landmark Cases Veronia School District v Acton Clinton v New York
Random drug test of HS athletes not illegal search/seizure
Declared Line-Item Veto unconstitutional.

21. Landmark Cases Bush v Gore Ashcroft v ACLU
Florida recount ended because no standard for what counts as a vote
“Child Online Protection Act” struck down ~too restrictive

22. Landmark Cases Lawrence v Texas Furman v Georgia
Ruled sodomy laws are unconstitutional
The Court's decision forced states and the national legislature to rethink their statutes for capital offenses to assure that the death penalty would not be administered in a capricious or discriminatory manner. Outlawed death penalty statutes.

23. Landmark Cases Gregg v Georgia Planned Parenthood v Casey
Court held that a punishment of death did not violate the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments under all circumstances. In extreme criminal cases, such as when a defendant has been convicted of deliberately killing another, the careful and judicious use of the death penalty may be appropriate if carefully employed. 
Abortion: The new standard asks whether a state abortion regulation has the purpose or effect of imposing an "undue burden," which is defined as a "substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion before the fetus attains viability."

24. Landmark Cases Gratz v Bollinger Grutter v Bollinger
While rejecting the argument that diversity cannot constitute a compelling state interest, the Court reasoned that the automatic distribution of 20 points, or one-fifth of the points needed to guarantee admission, to every single "underrepresented minority" applicant solely because of race was not narrowly tailored and did not provide the individualized consideration Justice Powell contemplated in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
The Court reasoned that, because the Law School conducts highly individualized review of each applicant, no acceptance or rejection is based automatically on a variable such as race and that this process ensures that all factors that may contribute to diversity are meaningfully considered alongside race.

25. Landmark Cases Citizens United v. FEC Fisher v Texas
By a 5-to-4 vote along ideological lines, the majority held that under the First Amendment corporate funding of independent political broadcasts in candidate elections cannot be limited.
 The Court held that the University of Texas’ use of race as a factor in the holistic review used to fill the spots remaining after the Top Ten Percent Plan was narrowly tailored to serve a compelling state interest. 

26. Landmark Cases Obergfell v Hodges McDonald v Chicago
The Court held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees the right to marry as one of the fundamental liberties it protects, and that analysis applies to same-sex couples in the same manner as it does to opposite- sex couples. The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment also guarantees the right of same-sex couples to marry as the denial of that right would deny same-sex couples equal protection under the law.
The Supreme Court reversed the Seventh Circuit, holding that the Fourteenth Amendment makes the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self-defense applicable to the states.

27. Landmark Cases Hamdi v Rumsfeld Kelo v City of New London
In an opinion backed by a four-justice plurality and partly joined by two additional justices, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote that although Congress authorized Hamdi's detention, Fifth Amendment due process guarantees give a citizen held in the United States as an enemy combatant the right to contest that detention before a neutral decision maker. 
The majority held that the city's taking of private property to sell for private development qualified as a "public use" within the meaning of the takings clause.

28. FRQ 1 Question 4 points Skill: Both Identify and assess
Question encompasses both clauses of the 14th Amendment as well as 10 potential cases. You will be asked to assess the political ramifications of at least two cases.
Mapp v Ohio
Gideon v Wainright
Miranda v Arizona
TLO
Escobedo
Brown v Board
Baker v Carr
Regents v Bakke
Gratz
Grutter