1. Groundwater and Climate

2. The Water Cycle Animation
During the recycling of water, water enters the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration of surface water.
Of the precipitation that falls on Earth’s surface
50% returns to the atmosphere by evaporation.
18% infiltrates the ground and turns into groundwater.
32% is surface runoff that enters lakes and rivers.
The Water Cycle Animation

5. Groundwater and Precipitation
Precipitation brings atmospheric water back to Earth’s surface.
Infiltration is the process by which precipitation that has fallen on land trickles into the ground and becomes groundwater.

6. Why are some areas more prone to flooding?
*Infiltration: water enters ground (as ground water)
Saturation: all pore spaces in soil are filled with water
Water table:
boundary
between zone
of saturation
and zone of
aeration

7. Groundwater Storage Zone of Saturation
All spaces, cracks and other openings in soil and rock grains become completely filled with water.
Water will stop sinking into the soil once it has reached a layer of solid rock that it cannot pass through.
The Water Table
Boundary between the zone of aeration and the zone of saturation.
The Zone of Aeration
Materials are moist, but because they are not saturated with water, air occupies most of the space.

8. Groundwater Movement
The amount of water in the ground and the movement of water through the ground are controlled by the characteristics of the soil and rock found near the surface
Almost all materials on Earth’s surface are porous.

9. Porosity
Porosity: ratio of free space to occupied space between grains
The porosity (percent of empty space) determines how much air or water a sample of rock can hold.
If all the particles are similar in size, then the porosity will be high.

10. Review: Which has a greater porosity? Glacial till or beach sand?
Beach sand- because it has more similar particle sizes
Glacial till is unsorted and will have less pore space

11. Permeability
Permeability: ability of water to flow through pore spaces or between particles
The rate (how fast water can pass through a soil) depends on the size of the pores and how the pores are connected.
The bigger the particles, the higher the permeability.
Surface runoff occurs when rainfall exceeds the permeability of a soil, when a soil is saturated, or when the slope (gradient) of a soil’s surface is too great to allow infiltration to occur.

12. Capillarity
Capillarity is the ability of a soil to draw water upward into tiny spaces between soil grains.
Soils composed of very small particles show the most capillary uptake.
For example: Think of a straw!
Capillary water moves upward against the force of gravity because of the attraction between water molecules and the surfaces of the soil particles.

14. DO NOW: Which picture has the most porosity (% of pore space)?
A, B, C, and D all have the same porosity.
Which picture has the most permeability (water will flow through the fastest)?
A is the most permeable.
Which picture has the greatest capillarity (water will be taken
upward)?
D Has the greatest capillarity.

15. Runoff and Infiltration
A number of conditions will determine whether water on Earth’s surface will infiltrate the ground or become runoff.
For water to enter the ground, there must be large enough pores or space in the soil and rock to accommodate the water’s volume.
Factors of Infiltration – Which is best?
Soil made of clay and silt humus
Soil made of sand
Heavy precipitation
Gentle, long-lasting rainfall
Soils without much or any vegetation
Soils with grasses or other vegetation
Soils with gentle slopes
Soils with steep slopes a a a a

16. Long Island Aquifer System
Almost all of Long Island’s water is from groundwater.
Nassau and Suffolk Counties obtain 375 million gallons per day
The largest of Long Island’s aquifers and is composed of sand and clay. Source of water for Nassau and Suffolk.
Formed during the last ice age and is composed of glacial till.
Aquiclude that separated the Magothy from the Lloyd Aquifers.
The deepest and oldest aquifer containing sand and gravel. Not many wells tap into this unit because we may need it in the future.
Consolidated bedrock with no water throughout it.

17. Threats to our Water Supply
Changes to groundwater supplies can lead to environmental issues such as lowered water table, subsidence and pollution.
Overuse: If groundwater is pumped out faster than it can be recharged, the supply will decrease and the water table will drop.
Subsidence: The sinking of the land might occur because groundwater helps support the weight of the soil.
Pollution: The biggest and easiest threat that can happen is pollution to our aquifers…

18. Pollution to Groundwater
Some sources of groundwater pollution include:
Sewage from faulty septic tanks and farms
Landfills
Other waste disposal sites
Some chemicals can travel through each aquifer layer because they are submicrospic in size.

19. Protecting Our Water Supply
There are a number of ways by which groundwater can be protected and restored. Start by eliminating:
Groundwater Pollution Sources
Infiltration from fertilizers
Drainage of acid from mines
Leaks from storage tanks
Leaks from waste disposal sites
Seepage from faulty septic tanks
Radon
Saltwater intrusion near shoreline aquifers
While these measure can have limited success, they alone cannot save Earth’s water supply. Humans must be aware of how their activities impact the groundwater system so that they can protect the water supply. What can you do?

20. Stream Systems
Precipitation that does not enter the ground usually runs off the surface quickly.
As the amount of runoff increases, the channels widen, deepen, and become longer.
All of the land area whose water drains into a stream system is called the system’s watershed (or drainage basin).
A divide separates one watershed from another.

22. The Factors that Affect Climate ©Mark Place, 2009-2010

23. Identify five factors
that affect climate
and explain
how each
affects climate.

24. Latitude

25. As latitude ________, the average annual temperature _________.
How does latitude
affect climate?
As latitude ________, the average
annual temperature _________.
increases
decreases
Temperature
0° Latitude °

26. Closeness to Large Bodies of Water

28. Water __________ the temperature. _______ summers. _______ winters.
How does closeness to a large
body of water affect climate?
Water __________ the temperature.
_______ summers. _______ winters.
moderates
Cooler
Warmer
Cities A & B are located
at the same latitude.
City B is closer to a large body of water.
Its temperature line is flatter (moderated).

29. Orographic Effect

30. Orographic Effect

31. The leeward sides of the Adirondacks & Catskills receive much less precipitation
The windward sides of the Adirondacks & Catskills receive a great deal more precipitation

32. Windward Side: ___________ Leeward Side: _____________
How does the
Orographic Effect
affect climate?
Windward Side: ___________
Leeward Side: _____________
cool, moist
warm, dry

33. Elevation

34. We live in the troposphere. Temperature decreases
Elevation
Page 14 of the ESRTs
We live in the troposphere. Temperature decreases
with elevation.

35. During summer, temperature is strongly controlled by elevation -- cold at the higher reaches of the Alaska and Brooks Ranges, and warmer in the lowlands.

36. As elevation _________, the average annual temperature __________.
How does elevation
affect climate?
As elevation _________, the average
annual temperature __________.
increases
decreases
Temperature
Elevation

37. Ocean Currents

38. The Gulf Stream

39. Warm Currents: warmer climate Cold Currents: cooler climate
How do ocean currents
affect climate?
Warm Currents: warmer climate
Cold Currents: cooler climate

41. How do these winds affect India’s weather in summer and winter?
The arrows on the two maps below show how the monsoon winds over India change direction with the seasons.
How do these winds affect India’s weather in summer
and winter?
1. Summer is cooler and less humid than winter.
2. Summer is warmer and more humid than winter.
3. Winter is warmer and less humid than summer.
4. Winter is cooler and more humid than summer.

42. Monsoons:
Giant Summer Sea Breeze

43. El Niño Leads to: worldwide change in precipitation patterns
High pressure in West
Pacific and Low in East
Pacific
Warmer sea surface
temp. in South America
Increased storms in
South America

44. Climate Factors
1. Latitude- as latitude increases, temperature decreases (b/c angle of insolation decreases) 2. Elevation/altitude- temperature decreases and precipitation increases 3. Orographic/Mountain Barrier Effect:

45. 4. Proximity to large bodies of water: Marine climates are moderated: -warmer winters and cooler summers -small temperature range Ex. Seattle 5. Planetary wind belts: -NY SW winds 6. Ocean currents: -Gulf Stream- makes us warmer