2. Pg. 527
HEMATOCRIT (HCT)

5. Pg. 528

6. Pg. 12
Packet

7. RED BLOOD CELLS
(ERYTHROCYTES)

8. Pg. 530 Biconcave Discs Increases surface area so
gases can diffuse more
Efficiently.

9. Fig b

10. Red Blood Cell Counts
1. The typical red blood cell count is 4,600,000-6,200,000 cells per mm3 for males and 4,200,000-5,400,000 cells per mm3 for females.
2. The number of red blood cells is a measure of the blood's oxygen- carrying capacity.
3. Develop from hematopoietic stem
cells.

11. Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin is an iron containing protein in the red blood cell
that transports oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues,
where it releases the oxygen for cell use, and collects carbon
dioxide to bring back to the lungs.
1 red blood cell is about 1/3 hemoglobin
Oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxyhemoglobin) results
in a bright red color, deoxygenated hemoglobin
(Deoxyhemoglobin) results in a darker red.
A mature red blood cell extrudes its nucleus to make
more space for hemoglobin.

12. 6 % heme, 94% globin (protein)
Pg. 533
6 % heme, 94% globin (protein)

15. Iron is needed for hemoglobin synthesis.
Dietary Factors Affecting Red Blood Cell Production
Vitamins B12 and folic acid are needed for DNA synthesis, so they are necessary for the reproduction of all body cells, especially in hematopoietic tissue.
Iron is needed for hemoglobin synthesis.
A deficiency in red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin results in anemia.

16. * Average life span
of a RBC is
120 days
How is this
regulated?

17. Fig
Pg. 531
Hematopoiesis

18. PAGE 533

19. Pg. 13
Packet

20. White Blood (Leukocytes) Cell Counts
Normally a cubic millimeter of blood contains 4,500 to 10,000 white blood cells.
A differential white blood cell count can help pinpoint the nature of an illness, indicating whether it is caused by bacteria or viruses.
a. A differential white blood cell count lists the percentages of the types of leukocytes in a blood sample.

21. White Blood Cells
Five types of white blood cells are in circulating blood and are distinguished by size, granular appearance of the cytoplasm, shape of the nucleus, and staining characteristics.
The types of white blood cells are the granular neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, and the agranular monocytes and lymphocytes.
Develop from hematopoietic stem cells in response to interleukins and colony-stimulation factors (CSFs) hormones

22. Fig
Pg. 529

23. Functions of White Blood Cells
1. Leukocytes can squeeze between cells lining walls of blood vessels by diapedesis and attack bacteria and debris.
a. Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic, with monocytes engulfing the larger particles.

24. PAGE 535
DIAPEDESIS

25. Neutrophils and Monocytes

26. b. Eosinophils moderate allergic reactions as
b. Eosinophils moderate allergic reactions as well as defend against parasitic infections.
c. Basophils migrate to damaged tissues and release histamine to promote inflammation and heparin to inhibit blood clotting.
d. Lymphocytes are the major players in specific immune reactions and some produce antibodies.

27. Neutrophils have red-staining fine cytoplasmic granules and a multilobed nucleus; they comprise 54-62% of leukocytes.
PAGE 534

28. Eosinophils have coarse granules that stain deep red, a bilobed nucleus, and make up only 1-3% of circulating leukocytes.

29. Basophils have fewer granules that stain blue; they account for fewer than 1% of leukocytes.

30. Monocytes are the largest
Monocytes are the largest blood cells, have variably shaped nuclei, no granules and make up 3-9% of circulating leukocytes.

31. Lymphocytes are long-lived, have a large, round nucleus, and account for 25-33% of circulating leukocytes.

32. 2. Leukocytosis indicates acute. infection when
2. Leukocytosis indicates acute infection when excess numbers of leukocytes are present;
> 10,000 leukocytes per cubic mm
Leukopenia – deficiency of leukocytes,
< 4,500 leukocytes per cubic mm
occurs from a variety of conditions, including AIDS.
Normal leukocytes between 4,500 & per cubic mm

33. Blood Platelets - Thrombocytes
1. Blood platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes.
2. Platelets help repair damaged blood vessels by adhering to their broken edges.
3. Normal counts vary from 130,000 to 360,000 platelets per mm3.
4. Develop from hematopoietic stem cells in response to the hormone thrombopoietin

35. PAGE 537

36. Blood Plasma – Clear straw colored liquid portion of blood
Approx. 92% water
Plasma

37. What is dissolved in Plasma?
Plasma Proteins – most abundant of dissolved
substances.
PAGE 539

38. Gases and Nutrients Gases: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen
Nutrients: Amino Acids
Simple sugars
Nucleotides
Lipids
Lipids: not soluble in water. Combines
with lipoproteins so they can be
transported in plasma.

40. 3. Plasma Electrolytes: Maintains osmotic pressure
and pH of plasma.
Ions include: sodium
potassium
calcium
magnesium
chloride
bicarbonate
phosphate
sulphate

41. Pg. 528

42. Red blood cells are called __________
The white blood cells and the platelets in a centrifuged blood sample __________
The red blood cell count in a centrifuged blood sample is called _______________
All blood cells originate from what cell? _________________
The iron containing protein that carries oxygen is called ______________
The hormone that stimulates the production of RBC’s _______________
White blood cells are called ________________
The hormones that stimulate the production of WBC’s ___________ __________
The ability of a WBC to leave the blood vessel is called ________________
The 2 phagocytic WBC’s are _________________ and _________________
This WBC produces antibodies _________________
This WBC promotes inflammation and inhibits blood clotting ________________
This WBC moderates allergic reactions and defends against parasites ________
The largest of the white blood cells _______________
An infection when the WBC count is too high ____________
An infection when the WBC count is too low _____________
Platelets are called _________________
The hormone that stimulates the production of platelets ____________
The plasma protein that helps blood clot _________________
What is the purpose of plasma electrolytes

43. BLOOD CLOTTING

46. Hemostasis: The stoppage of bleeding.
3 main actions help limit or prevent blood loss
Blood Vessel Spasm: Muscles around blood
vessel breakage contract (vasospasm). May
only last a few minutes up to 30 minutes.
2. Platelet Plug Formation
3. Blood Coagulation

47. Fig
2. Platelet plug
Formation
Pg. 540

48. Steps in platelet plug formation
Slide number: 2
Endothelial lining
Collagen fiber
Break in
vessel wall 1
Erythrocyte
Platelet
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

49. Steps in platelet plug formation
Slide number: 3
Endothelial lining
Collagen fiber
Break in
vessel wall 1
Erythrocyte
Platelet
Blood escaping
through break 2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

50. Steps in platelet plug formation
Slide number: 4
Endothelial lining
Collagen fiber
Break in
vessel wall 1
Erythrocyte
Platelet
Blood escaping
through break 2
Platelets adhere
to each other,
to end of broken
vessel, and to
exposed collagen 3
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

51. Steps in platelet plug formation
Slide number: 5
Endothelial lining
Collagen fiber
Break in
vessel wall 1
Erythrocyte
Platelet
Blood escaping
through break 2
Platelets adhere
to each other,
to end of broken
vessel, and to
exposed collagen 3
Platelet plug
helps control
blood loss 4
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

52. Fig. 12.16 3. Blood Coagulation Damaged Tissue Ca+2
Alpha globulin (plasma protein)
Tissue Thromboplastin
Fibrin sticks to blood cells and
platelets resulting in blood clot.

53. Pg. 541

54. Thrombus – blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel
Thrombosis – clot in vital organ, cerebral or coronary
thrombosis
Infarction – Tissue killed by a thrombus
Embolus – fragment of a thrombus that breaks loose
and carried in blood
Embolism – blood clot that travels and blocks a vessel
to a vital organ

55. Page 544 Thrombin production – Positive feedback mechanism
Blood coagulation usually only occurs in blood that is standing still or slow
Clotting stops when fibrin contacts circulating blood

56. ABO and Rh Blood Groups

57. Page 547
Fig

58. Page 547

59. Fig a

61. Antibodies and agglutinated blood
Slide number: 2
Red blood cell
Antigen A
Antibody anti-B
Antibody anti-A A
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

62. Antibodies and agglutinated blood
Slide number: 3
Red blood cell
Antigen A
Antibody anti-B
Antibody anti-A A
Agglutinated red
blood cells B
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

63. Antibodies and agglutinated blood
Slide number: 4
Agglutinated red
blood cells B
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

64. Page 548
Fig

65. Page 21 packet

66. Page 548

67. Fig. 12.19 Page 549 ***If Rh antigen D is present: RH +
Anti-Rh antibodies only appear when RH –
Receives RH + blood.
***If Rh antigen D is present: RH +
Rh antigen D absent: Rh -
RhoGAM – within 72 hours

68. Pg. 22 packet

70. Pg. 23 Packet