1. The Office of Science and Technology Policy Executive Office of the President of the United States
Kate Beers
Assistant Director
Physical Sciences and Engineering
June 7, 2007

2. What is Public Policy? Policy IS NOT about politics
Policy IS about collaboration to find optimal solutions to hard problems
Public policy is not restricted to government, but includes private businesses, non-profits, industry, universities, etc
Public policy at its finest is when diverse groups work together to find a solution that satisfies the concerns of all

3. The Office of Science and Technology Policy
• Advise the President and others within the Executive Office of the President on the impacts of science and technology on domestic and international affairs
• Lead an interagency effort to develop and implement sound science and technology policies and budgets
• Work with the private sector to ensure Federal investments in science and technology contribute to economic prosperity, environmental quality, and national security
• Build strong partnerships among Federal, State, and local governments, other countries, and the scientific community
• Evaluate the scale, quality, and effectiveness of the Federal effort in science and technology

4. OSTP FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION
NSTC
Director
PCAST
Dr. John H. Marburger, III
Associate Director
and Deputy
Director for Science
Deputy to the Associate
Director Science
Associate Director
and Deputy
Director for Technology
Deputy to the Associate
Director Technology
Senior Director Homeland and
National Security
Deputy Director for Homeland and
Chief of Staff
Deputy Chief of Staff
ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF
Assistant Director Life Sciences
Assistant Director Technology
R&D
Assistant Director Homeland Security
Administration
Budget
Security
Office Support Computing
Assistant Director Environment
Assistant Director Space & Aeronautics
Assistant Director National Security
FUNCTIONAL STAFF
Legal affairs
Legislative affairs
Budget analysis
Communications
International
NSTC
PCAST
Assistant Director Physical Sciences & Engineering
Assistant Director Natl. Security/
Emergency
Preparedness Com.
Assistant Director Social, Behavioral &
Education Science
Assistant Director Telecom & Information Tech

5. OSTP Resources and Communication
Federal Agencies / National Labs
DOE, NASA, NSF
PCAST and NSTC (Interagency Working Groups)
Other EOP offices
OMB, CEQ, NSC, HSC, etc.
Congress
Authorizing and Appropriating (Sub)Committees
National Academies Boards and Committees
Decadal Surveys and other reports
Scientific Societies and User Groups
Industry Representatives

6. Where are we today?
With only 5% of the world’s population, the US employs nearly 1/3 of all scientists and engineers
The US accounts for 1/3 of all R&D spending in the world
US scientists publish 35% of all science and engineering articles in the world
US R&D spending is larger than any other nation
US Government provides the majority funding for fundamental research that may have no immediate application

7. Unlocking Our Future: Toward a New National Science Policy
The growth of economies throughout the world since the industrial revolution began has been driven by continual technological innovation through the pursuit of scientific understanding and application of engineering solutions. America has been particularly successful in capturing the benefits of the scientific and engineering enterprise, but it will take continued investment in this enterprise if we hope to stay ahead of our economic competitors in the rest of the world. Many of those challengers have learned well the lessons of our employment of the research and technology enterprise for economic gain.
-1998, Vernon Ehlers (R-MI)

8. Federal Non-Defense R&D Funding (Outlays in Billions, Constant 2000 Dollars)

9. Constant 2004 Dollars (millions)
Federal Spending on Life Sciences and Physical Sciences Research
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Year
Constant 2004 Dollars (millions)
Life Sciences
Physical Sciences

10. Total Non-Defense R&D FY07 proposed
HHS
NASA
Energy
NSF
Agriculture
Homeland Security
Commerce
Veterans Affairs
Interior
Transportation
Environmental Protection Agency
Education
Other

11. PCAST Report – October 2002 Assessing the U.S. R&D Investment
From 1993 to 2000, federal support for the physical sciences and certain areas of engineering remained relatively flat, and in some instances decreased. While it makes sense that biological and life sciences support has increased given fundamental advances in this field and the heightened interest in health issues, long-term breakthroughs in biological and life sciences will also rely on strengthening the physical sciences and engineering as well.
International competition is stronger than ever.

12. The Voices Behind Competitiveness
No Child Left Behind Act
Funding Trends – 2001 to present
PCAST – Science for the 21st Century – 2004
President Bush’s A New Generation of American Innovation
Council on Competitiveness – 2004
Rising Above the Gathering Storm – 2005

13. Keeping America Competitive
America's economic strength and global leadership depend on innovation. A comprehensive strategy will sustain U.S. economic competitiveness, including:
Federal investment in R&D;
Education system that equips Americans with a strong foundation in technical subjects;
Universities that provide world-class education and research opportunities;
Immigration policies that attract the best and brightest to enhance entrepreneurship, competitiveness, and job creation in America;
Favorable environment for private sector R&D; and
Business environment that encourages entrepreneurship and protects intellectual property.

14. Keeping America Competitive
Principles of ACI
ACI is not based on fear; rather, it is based on optimism and confidence about the future and on trust in American entrepreneurship.
The ACI focuses on long term investment – in basic research, in early stage education, in creating business conditions that encourage long term private sector investments in R&D, and in creating a research environment that attracts the best and brightest from around the world.
The ACI is about priorities
Cutting-edge basic research that supports the development of valuable and marketable technologies, processes and techniques;
Large scale facilities and instruments that enable innovation;
Research in areas that are under funded (physical sciences/engineering) or that have a broad impact on other fields of science.

15. Supporting High Impact Research
Over ten years, the ACI commits $50 billion to increase funding for research and $86 billion in tax incentives for R&D. In FY07, ACI commits $5.9 billion for research, education, and tax incentives. ACI includes:
Doubling funding for research at NSF, DoE Office of Science, and DoC’s National Institute for Standards and Technology;
$910M in FY07, $50B over 10 years
Making the research and experimentation (R&E) tax credit permanent and working with Congress to modernize it to make it more effective.
$4.6B in FY07, $86.4B over 10 years

16. R&D Budget Process 2. Agencies prepare and submit proposed budgets
to OMB
1. OSTP & OMB issue guidance
memorandum on R&D priorities
3. Passback, negotiations, & appeals between agencies and EOP
9. Agencies make decisions on allocation of resources consistent with enacted appropriations and program plans
4. President makes final decisions and sends Budget Request to Congress
5. Congress reviews, considers, & approves overall Budget Request
8. President signs or vetoes appropriations bills
7. Congress marks up & passes agency appropriations bills
6. Appropriations hearings with agencies & EOP on individual programs

18. Mandatory Spending is Overwhelming the Rest of the Budget

19. Current Trends are not Sustainable

20. Prioritization of Future Projects
Everything is getting more expensive
Competition between apples and oranges is stiff
Ground-based Telescopes, Space-based Experiments (astrophysics, earth science, heliophysics, etc.), Accelerators (colliders, light sources, SNS), other Neutron Sources
Arctic / Oceanic Research Vessels, Exploration, Super-Computing Facilities, Pandemic Influenza, Disease Surveillance, Food Supply Regulation (contamination threats), Data Archiving / Management, Chemical Security, Genomics Facilities, Nanofabs, Alternative Energy Technology, etc.
A new model for Life Sciences Infrastructure?
Construction vs. Operating Costs

21. Opportunity / Need for Cooperation and Communication
Interagency Cooperation
Physics of the Universe Interagency Working Group
National Astronomy and Astrophysics Advisory Committee
International Cooperation
Less international duplication / competition in large-scale High Energy Physics Facilities
How to plan for an ILC?
Are there good examples? Case studies?
Science of Science Policy
Measuring and understanding the impact of our investments
How do we value the human imperative to discover the nature of the physical universe?