1. Recreating America: Independence and a New Nation, 1775-1783
Chapter 6
Recreating America: Independence and a New Nation,

2. The First Two Years of War
The Battle for Boston
Congress Creates an Army
The British Strategy in 1776

3. The First Two Years of War
Escape from New York
Winter Quarters and Winter Victories
Burgoyne’s New York Campaign
Winter Quarters in 1777

4. Esther de Berdt Reed.
p. 133

5. American artist John Trumbull painted “The Battle of Bunker Hill” in 1786, over a decade after the bloody encounter between redcoats and American militiamen. He had not witnessed the battle and thus the painting was based on secondhand accounts and Trumbull’s desire to express the patriotism of his fellow Americans.
p. 134

6. Map 6.1: The War in the North.
This map details the movements of both British and American troops during the Northern Campaign, and it indicates the victories and defeats for both armies. The American attempt to capture Canada and General George Washington’s effort to save New York from British occupation were failures, but Washington did manage to stage successful raids in New Jersey before retreating to safety in the winter of Discussion of Burgoyne’s failed New York campaign begins on the next page.
Map 6-1, p. 137

7. This recruting poster for the Continental Army invites young men to join in the defense of American liberty and independence. The bounty of $12, along with “good and handsome clothing,” a daily allowance of provisions, and $60 a year paid in gold, tempted many poor farm and city boys.
p. 139

8. Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus von Steuben, or Baron von Steuben, came to America in 1777 and served as an effective drillmaster to General George Washington’s troops at Valley Forge. Because he spoke little or no English, he swore and yelled at the troops in German and French. When this proved ineffective, he instructed his French-speaking aide to deliver the curses for him in English!
p. 141

9. Diplomacy Abroad and Profiteering at Home
The Long Road to Formal Recognition
Rival European nations eager to keep conflict going
Drain England’s resources
Franklin warned France of impending compromise with England

10. Diplomacy Abroad and Profiteering at Home
War and the American Public
French treaty
Outburst of spending
Corruption and bribery
Hard currency in short supply
Impressment

11. In this political cartoon, the members of a British peace commission, sent to America in 1778, make their offers of compromise to America in hopes of ending the revolution. While these men are dressed in wigs and brocade coats—representing luxury and decadence, America appears in the natural simplicity of a Indian woman. Notice, however, that this defender of liberty carries a weapon and sits confidently upon the agricultural bounty of a new nation.
p. 142

12. From Stalemate to Victory
The War Stalls in the North
The Second Carolinas Campaign
Treason and Triumph
Winning Diplomatic Independence

13. Mohawk chief Thayendanegea (Joseph Brant) believed that Iroquois lands would be lost if the Americans were victorious. He urged an Iroquois alliance with the British, fought for the British, and directed a series of deadly raids against settlements in New York. After the war—as Brant had feared—his people were forced to relocate to Canada.
p. 144

14. Map 6.2: The War in the South, 1778–1781.
This map of the second attempt by Britain to crush the rebellion in the South shows the many battles waged in the Lower South before Cornwallis’s encampment at Yorktown and his surrender there. This decisive southern campaign involved all the military resources of the combatants, including British, loyalist, French, and American ground forces and British and French naval fleets.
Map 6-2, p. 145

15. Republican Expectations in the New Nation
The Protection of Fundamental Rights
Emphasis on the rights of the individual
Limiting the powers of governments
Some disestablished the Anglican Church
Basic rights included in state constitutions

16. Republican Expectations in the New Nation
Legal Reform
Commitment to republican belief in social equality
Primogeniture
Entail
Influence of social equality

17. Republican Expectations in the New Nation
Women in the New Republic
New sense of independence and responsibility
Some victims of abuse
“Republican motherhood”
Education of young women

18. Republican Expectations in the New Nation
The War’s Impact on Slaves and Slavery
Slaves viewed military service as a means to freedom
Others escaped
Cities
Backcountry
Led to movements to free slaves

19. Republican Expectations in the New Nation
The Fate of the Loyalists
Many left when British evacuated

20. When fighting in the Revolutionary war moved to the south, loyalists as well as English soldiers served under the command of a bold Irish officer named Banastre Tarleton. Tarleton’s men engaged in some of the most bitterly fought battles in what was not only a war for independence but a civil war in the Carolinas. Accused of allowing his men to massacre surrendering patriot troops, the young Lt. Colonel came to be known among the patriot forces as “No Quarter” Tarleton. Victorious American troops, however, often gave no quarter to surrendering loyalists as well.
p. 146

21. John Trumbull celebrates the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in this painting. However, neither Cornwallis nor Washington actually participated in the surrender ceremonies. The British commander claimed illness and sent his general of the guards as his deputy. Washington, always sensitive to status as well as to protocol, promptly appointed an officer of equal rank, General Benjamin Lincoln, to serve as his deputy.
p. 147

22. Map 6.3: North America in 1783.
This map shows the North and Central American territory held by the British, Spanish, French and Russians in the year the United States became a nation. From the Great Lakes, to the Mississippi River, to the coastline of the Gulf of Mexico, the young republic was surrounded by the claims of nations more powerful than itself. It would be many decades before the U.S. could declare it stretched “from sea to shining sea.”
Map 6-3, p. 148

23. Sheet music such as “The Ladies Patriotic Song” found its way into the parlors of many revolutionary and early republic homes. This song, which celebrates the heroes of independence, George Washington and John Adams, also celebrates what postwar society considered to be feminine virtues: beauty, innocence, and patriotic devotion.
p. 151

24. Margaret Cochran Corbin was the wife of an American soldier serving at Fort Washington. On November 16, 1776, her husband was killed and she took over his place, firing a cannon against the British enemy. She was severely wounded and lost the use of her left arm. In 1779 the Continental Congress granted Margaret Corbin a military pension, a rare acknowledgement of women’s service in battle. In 1926, a monument was erected to honor her.
p. 151

25. In New England, slavery was abolished after the war, but free blacks were not welcomed into white society. This illustration of a celebration sponsored in 1793 by Massachusetts governor John Hancock for free African Americans was accompanied by a satiric poem that mocked blacks and what the poet saw as their crude attempts to mimic polite society.
p. 152

26. Phillis Wheatley was brought from Africa as a child
Phillis Wheatley was brought from Africa as a child. The Boston couple who purchased her encouraged her literary talent. Wheatley’s patriotic poetry won approval from George Washington and praise from many revolutionary leaders. She died free but in poverty in the 1780s.
p. 153

27. Figure 6.1: Free Black Population, 1790.
This graph shows the number of free African Americans in the United States in 1790, as well as their regional distribution. These almost 60,000 free people were less than 10 percent of the African American population of the nation. Although 40 percent of northern blacks were members of this free community, only about 5.5 percent of the Upper South African Americans and less than 2 percent of those in the Lower South lived outside the bounds of slavery.
Fig. 6-1, p. 154

28. p. 156