1. 20% of adults have low susceptibility
HYPNOSIS
Hypnosis definition
Procedure in which a researcher, clinician, or hypnotists suggests that a person will experience changes in sensation, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
20% of adults have low susceptibility
Means they can’t be easily hypnotized
65 to 70% have medium susceptibility
10 to 15% have high susceptibility

2. HYPNOSIS
Hypnosis began with the ideas of German physician Franz Mesmer
To cure his patients, he would pass magnets over their bodies
Hypnotism may have more validity than Mesmer’s magnet treatment.
Some doctors use hypnosis as an anesthetic in certain types of surgery
Some psychologists use it to help clients reduce anxiety, manage pain, or overcome fears.
DO NOT ATTEMPT HYPNOTISM ON YOUR OWN.

3. HYPNOSIS
Psychologists continue to debate whether hypnosis has a scientific basis
Studies have shown that unhypnotized people are just as likely as hypnotized people to remember details of a crime.
Hypnosis has been used to help people prevent feelings of pain
To help someone quit a habit such as overeating or smoking, a therapist may use posthypnotic suggestion.
The therapist gives instructions during hypnosis that are to be carried out after the hypnosis session has ended.

4. HYPNOSIS (CONT’D) Who is susceptible?
Individuals with the remarkable ability to respond to imaginative suggestions
Best-known test: Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale
Asks individuals to carry out a series of both simple and complex suggestions
High scorers are usually easily hypnotized

5. Are you ready to by hypnotized????
Theories of hypnosis
Altered states theory
holds that hypnosis puts a person into an altered state of consciousness, during which he or she is disconnected from reality, which results in being able to experience and respond to various suggestions
Sociocognitive theory
behaviors observed during hypnosis result not from being hypnotized, but rather from having the special ability of responding to imaginative suggestions and social pressures
HYPNOSIS (CONT’D)
Are you ready to by hypnotized????

6. HYPNOSIS (CONT’D) Behaviors Hypnotic analgesia
Office Space
Behaviors
Hypnotic analgesia
refers to a reduction in pain reported by clients after they underwent hypnosis and received suggestions that reduced their anxiety and promoted relaxation

7. HYPNOSIS (CONT’D)
USC Football Team

8. HYPNOSIS (CONT’D)
Behaviors
Posthypnotic amnesia
not remembering what happened during hypnosis if the hypnotist suggested that, upon awakening, the person would forget what took place during hypnosis
people who are instructed to not remember anything usually report not remembering

9. HYPNOSIS (CONT’D) Medical and therapeutic applications
Medical and dental use
used to reduce pain through hypnotic analgesia, to reduce fear and anxiety by helping individuals relax, or to help patients deal with a terminal disease by motivating them to make the best of a difficult situation
Therapeutic and behavioral uses
useful in helping clients reveal their personalities, gain insights into their lives, and arrive at solutions to their problems

10. HYPNOSIS (CONT’D)

11. Module 8
Hypnosis and Drugs

12. DRUGS SOUTH PARK--DRUGS ARE BAD
34% of American adults take at least one prescription drug
11.5% of American adults take three or more prescription drugs.
6.5% of American adults take 4 or more prescription drugs.

13. DRUGS: OVERVIEW Reasons for use Psychoactive drugs
Obtaining pleasure, joy, and euphoria; meeting social expectations; giving in to peer pressure; dealing with or escaping stress, anxiety, and tension; avoiding pain; and achieving altered state of consciousness
Psychoactive drugs
Affect nervous system
May alter consciousness and awareness, influence how we sense and perceive things, and modify our moods, feelings, emotions, and thoughts
Psychoactive drugs are both legal (coffee, alcohol, tobacco) and illegal (marijuana, heroin, cocaine, LSD)

14. DRUGS: OVERVIEW (CONT’D)
Definition of terms
Addiction
a behavioral pattern of drug abuse marked by an overwhelming compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug; even after stopping, strong tendency to relapse and begin using the drug again
Tolerance
after a person uses a drug repeatedly over a period of time, the original dose no longer produces the desired effect, thus requiring increasingly larger doses to get the same effect

15. DRUGS: OVERVIEW (CONT’D)
Definition of terms
Dependency
refers to a change in the nervous system so that the user now needs to take the drug to prevent the occurrence of painful withdrawal symptoms
Withdrawal symptoms
painful physical and psychological symptoms that occur after a drug-dependent person stops using the drug

16. DRUGS: OVERVIEW (CONT’D)
Use of drugs
Most recent national statistics show that almost 20 million Americans spend over $62 billion on illegal drugs each year
Drug treatment programs are more cost-effective than imprisonment
Many health professionals recommend reducing illegal drug use by spending more on
drug education
counseling
treatment

17. DRUGS: OVERVIEW (CONT’D)

18. DRUGS: OVERVIEW (CONT’D)
Effects on nervous system
Drugs affect neurotransmitters, the chemical keys that search for and then either open or close chemical locks to either excite or inhibit neighboring neurons, organs, or muscles
Mimicking
some drugs produce their effects by mimicking the way neurotransmitters work
Reuptake
some drugs block reuptake

19. STIMULANTS
Definition
Stimulants, including cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, and nicotine, increase activity of the central nervous system and result in heightened alertness, arousal, and euphoria, and decreased appetite and fatigue
Amphetamines
1960s: heavily prescribed to treat a wide range of problems, including fatigue, depression, and obesity
1971: FDA outlawed their prescription for everything except attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy

20. STIMULANTS (CONT’D) Amphetamines
Following a “drug war” on cocaine in the late 1980s, there was a dramatic increase of a form of amphetamine called methamphetamine
manufactured in illegal home laboratories
in many countries, use or possession of methamphetamine is illegal
use is still spreading worldwide
Methamphetamine: “speed”; easy to reproduce-
DENVER HOT SPOT FOR
METH, because easy to
produce

21. STIMULANTS (CONT’D) Cocaine From coca leaves Can be sniffed or snorted
Absorbed by many of the body’s membranes
Concentrated cocaine is called crack
Effects are very similar to amphetamines
Higher doses can produce anxiety, emotional instability, and suspiciousness

22. STIMULANTS (CONT’D) Caffeine
Mild stimulant; produces moderate physiological and psychological arousal, including decreased fatigue and drowsiness, feelings of alertness, and improved reaction times
Nervous system
blocks certain receptors (adenosine receptors)
mild physiological and psychological arousal

23. STIMULANTS (CONT’D) Nicotine
In the US, over 70 million people use tobacco products
2 million teens begin using cigarettes each year
stimulant that triggers the brain’s reward/pleasure center to produce good feelings
low doses improve attention, concentration, and short-term memory
regular use causes addiction and dependency
leads to withdrawal

24. STIMULANTS (CONT’D) Nicotine Nervous system
stimulates the production of dopamine
also stops other controlling cells from turning off the pleasure areas
Dangers
very addictive
over 400,000 American smokers die each year from lung and heart problems
causes sexual problems including impotency
withdrawal symptoms range in severity

25. OPIATES Opium, morphine, heroin Opiates are classified as narcotics
About 136,000 Americans use heroin
Opiates such as opium, morphine, and heroin produce three primary effects
analgesia (pain reduction)
opiate euphoria (state between waking and sleeping)
constipation

26. ADDICTION

27. HALLUCINOGENS Definition
Hallucinogens are psychoactive drugs that can produce strange and unusual perceptual, sensory, and cognitive experiences, which the person sees or hears but knows aren’t occurring in reality
LSD
D-lysergic acid diethylamide
Produces hallucinogenic experiences at very low doses
Visual hallucinations, perceptual distortions, increased sensory awareness, and intense psychological feelings

28. HALLUCINOGENS (CONT’D)
Mescaline
Peyote cactus
Contains about 30 psychoactive chemicals
Most potent is mescaline
Possession of mescaline is illegal for all except those who belong to the Native American Church
2,000 times less potent than LSD
High doses: produce very clear and vivid visual hallucinations
Doesn’t impair the intellect or cloud consciousness

29. HALLUCINOGENS (CONT’D)
Designer drugs
Manufactured or synthetic drugs designed to resemble already existing illegal psychoactive drugs and produce or mimic their psychoactive effects
MDMA, ecstasy (MOLLY)
Resemble both mescaline and amphetamine
Heightens sensation, giving a euphoric rush, raising body temperature, and creating feelings of warmth and empathy

30. ALCOHOL History and use
first brewery appeared in Egypt in about 3700 B.C.
safe alcohol to drink is ethyl alcohol
level of alcohol is measured in percentage in the blood: blood alcohol content or BAC
after three or four drinks in one hour, BAC will range from 0.08 to 0.1
national legal definition of being drunk is 0.08
drink is defined: one cocktail, 5oz glass of wine, one 12oz bottle of beer

33. ALCOHOL (CONT’D)
ethyl alcohol is a psychoactive drug classified as a depressant because it depresses activity of the central nervous system
alcohol seems like a stimulant but later depresses physiological and psychological responses
after a few drinks (0.01 to 0.05 BAC), causes friendliness and loss of inhibitions
after four or five drinks ( BAC), impairs motor coordination, cognitive abilities, decision making, and speech
After many drinks (0.4 BAC and higher) may cause coma or death

35. ALCOHOL (CONT’D) Risk factors
Of 109 million people who drink alcohol, 10 to 14 million will develop alcoholism
Psychological risk factors
Children of either one or both alcoholic parents can develop unusual, abnormal, or maladaptive psychological and emotional traits
Childhood risk factors include being easily bored, engaging in risk-taking or sensation-seeking behaviors, and acting impulsive or overemotional when faced with stressful situations

36. MARIJUANA Use and effects Most widely used illegal drug
Medical marijuana
can be effective in treating nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, appetite loss in AIDS patients, eye disease (glaucoma), muscle spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis, and some forms of pain
Gateway effect
says that using marijuana leads young people to try harder drugs

37. MARIJUANA (CONT’D)
Psychoactive drug whose primary active ingredient is THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
Found in leaves of the cannabis plant
THC is rapidly absorbed by the lungs (while smoking)
5 to 10 minutes produces a hit that lasts for several hours
Depending on the user’s state of mind, marijuana can either heighten or distort pleasant or unpleasant experiences, moods, or feelings