1. Biology Notes Nutrient & Energy Cycles Part 2 Pages 74-80

2. Standards
2.2
___ Differentiate among the various forms of energy and recognize that they can be transformed from one form to another
___ Analyze the movement of matter and energy through the biogeochemical cycles including carbon and water
___ Diagram and explain the biogeochemical cycles of an ecosystem, including water, carbon and nitrogen cycles
2.3
2.4

3. Essential Question
How does the movement of matter and energy through biological systems impact you?

4. I. The Recycling of Matter
Matter = anything that occupies _____ and has _____.
A. The Structure of Matter
1. Atoms = the basic units of _______
2. Element = a pure substance that consists
entirely of __ type of atom
elements cannot be _______ down into simpler substances
space
mass
matter 1
broken

5. each element is represented by a _________ symbol
chemical

6. Oxygen = ___ Sodium = ___ Chlorine = ___ Sulfur = ___ Hydrogen = ___ Carbon = ___
Potassium = ___
Magnesium = ___
Calcium = ___
Phosphorus = ___
Nitrogen = ___
Iron = ___ K Na Mg Cl Ca S P H N C Fe

7. Of the naturally occurring elements, only about 25 are essential to ____.
Of these 25, five ___, ___, ___, ___ and ___ make up 96% of the mass of a human and are essential for life.
The rest of the elements are present in very ______ amounts.
These elements get into our bodies through _________
life C H O N P
small
nutrients

8. Nutrient = a chemical ___________ that an organism needs to sustain life
nutrients are used to carry out essential life __________
e.g.
the essential nutrients include ______________, _________, ______, _________, ________, and _______
compound
functions
grow, develop, maintain homeostasis
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
vitamins
minerals
water

9. What happens to our 5 essential elements once they LEAVE the body?
Biogeochemical cycle = process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of _________ are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the __________ to another
the C, H, O, N, P found in
food and living organisms
is constantly being __________
nutrients
biosphere
recycled

10. law of conservation of mass / matter = mass and matter can neither be ________ nor destroyed but may be _____________
created
transformed

11. A. The Water Cycle: Recycling ___ and ___
Water Cycle = the movement of water between the Earth’s _________ and its ____________
Driven by the ____ H O
surface
atmosphere
sun

12. Water Cycle Diagram:

15. processes that put water FROM the earth’s surface TO the atmosphere:
processes that put water TO the earth’s surface from the atmosphere:
Aquifer = groundwater that accumulates to from large _____ underground
transpiration, respiration, evaporation,
excretion, decomposition
precipitation (snow, rain, hail, sleet)
lakes
Transpiration = evaporation of water from a plant’s _______
leaves

16. Photosynthesis = plants taking in ______ as part of the process that transforms solar energy into _________ energy (food)
6CO2 + 6H2O → 6O2 + C6H12O6
Respiration = “_________ out” as part of the process that breaks down _____ for energy
6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
water
chemical
breathing
food

17. Water enters plants through their ______
(to be used in photosynthesis)
water exits plants through ____________ or ___________
Water enters animals through _____ or _____
water exits animals through ___________, _________, or ______________
roots
transpiration
respiration
food
drink
respiration
excretion
decomposition

18. B. The Carbon Cycle: Recycling ___ and ___
Carbon cycle = the movement of carbon between the Earth’s _______ and its ____________
Partially driven by the ____ and partially driven by ________ activity or spontaneous events like the _________ of volcanoes C O
surface
atmosphere
sun
human
eruption

20. Carbon Cycle Diagram:

22. processes that put carbon FROM the earth’s surface TO the atmosphere:
processes that put carbon TO the earth’s surface FROM the atmosphere:
Would we be able to live without plants?
respiration, combustion, burning organic
debris, volcanic eruptions
photosynthesis NO

23. Fossil fuels like ____ and ______ are formed when organisms ____, are buried with very little ________ over a long period of _____
combustion = the burning of ______ fuels
e.g.
oil
coal
die
oxygen
time
fossil
engines

24. C. The Nitrogen Cycle: Recycling ___
Nitrogen cycle = the movement of nitrogen between the Earth’s _______ and its atmosphere
Nitrogen gas makes up _____ of the Earth’s atmosphere N
surface
78%

25. Nitrogen Cycle Diagram:

28. Driven by 3 types of ________:
nitrogen fixation = when bacteria that lives in the ______ of legumes convert _________ gas into ammonia (____)
legume = the ______ and _____ family
nitrification = when bacteria that lives in the _____ converts ammonia (____) into nitrates (__________)
bacteria
roots
NH3
nitrogen
bean
pea
NH3
soil
NO2 / NO3

29. the usable form of nitrogen for plants is _________________
plants can turn the ________ into _______ acids which are used to form __________
ammonification = the process by which animals and plants turn _________ in food into _______________
nitrates (NO2 / NO3)
nitrates
amino
proteins
proteins
ammonia (NH3)

30. denitrification = when bacteria that live in the _____ converts _________ from animal and plant waste into _____________ gas and releases it to the Earth’s atmosphere
soil
ammonia
nitrogen (N2)

31. D. The Phosphorus Cycle: Recycling ___
Phosphorus cycle = the movement of ___________ between living organisms and the Earth’s ________
Phosphorus is essential for the body to build ______
Phosphorus is not found in the Earth’s ____________ but exists mainly on land in _______ and _____ and in the ocean as part of _________ P
phosphorus
surface
DNA
atmosphere
rocks
soil
sediment

32. Phosphorus Cycle Diagram:

33. II. Nutrient Limitation
Nutrients recycle through the ecosystem but what happens if we run out of usable forms of nutrients?
Primary Productivity = the rate at which __________ make usable organic matter for ____________
e.g.
producers
consumption
apples / year

34. Limiting Nutrient = when an ecosystem is _______ by a single nutrient that is _______ or cycles very _______
this does not allow producers to make enough ________ matter for consumers and thus ________ the primary productivity
oftentimes, the limiting nutrient is ________ or ___________ (both are need and often found in larger amounts in ________)
limited
scarce
slowly
organic
controls
nitrogen
phosphorus
fertilizers

35. What happens if there is an overabundance of a former limiting nutrient?
Producers will grow in ____________ at a very fast ____ and overall usable matter will _________
Sometimes this can negatively disrupt the delicate balance of ____ in the ecosystem
productivity
rate
increase
life

36. results in choking other __________ and wildlife because the
algal blooms = an immediate increase in the amount of ______ from a large input of a limiting ________
usually caused by run-off of ________ from fertilizers
results in choking other __________ and
wildlife because the
algae blocks gas
exchange
algae
nutrient
nitrogen
organisms