1. Biology Notes Nutrient & Energy Cycles Part 2 Pages 74-80

2. Standards ___ Differentiate among the various forms of energy and recognize that they can be transformed from one form to another ___ Analyze the movement of matter and energy through the biogeochemical cycles including carbon and water ___ Diagram and explain the biogeochemical cycles of an ecosystem, including water, carbon and nitrogen cycles 2.2 2.3 2.4

3. Essential Question 1.How does the movement of matter and energy through biological systems impact you?

4. I. The Recycling of Matter Matter = anything that occupies _____ and has _____. A. The Structure of Matter 1. Atoms = the basic units of _______ 2. Element = a pure substance that consists entirely of __ type of atom elements cannot be _______ down into simpler substances space mass matter 1 broken

5. each element is represented by a _________ symbol chemical

6. Oxygen = ___ Sodium = ___ Chlorine = ___ Sulfur = ___ Hydrogen = ___ Carbon = ___ Potassium = ___ Magnesium = ___ Calcium = ___ Phosphorus = ___ Nitrogen = ___ Iron = ___ O NaMg Cl Ca S P H N C Fe K

7. Of the naturally occurring elements, only about 25 are essential to ____. Of these 25, five ___, ___, ___, ___ and ___ make up 96% of the mass of a human and are essential for life. The rest of the elements are present in very ______ amounts. These elements get into our bodies through _________ life CHOP small N nutrients

8. Nutrient = a chemical ___________ that an organism needs to sustain life  nutrients are used to carry out essential life __________ e.g.  the essential nutrients include ______________, _________, ______, _________, ________, and _______ compound functions grow, develop, maintain homeostasis carbohydratesproteins lipids vitaminsmineralswater

9. What happens to our 5 essential elements once they LEAVE the body? Biogeochemical cycle = process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of _________ are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the __________ to another  the C, H, O, N, P found in food and living organisms is constantly being __________ nutrients biosphere recycled

10.  law of conservation of mass / matter = mass and matter can neither be ________ nor destroyed but may be _____________ created transformed

11. A. The Water Cycle: Recycling ___ and ___ Water Cycle = the movement of water between the Earth’s _________ and its ____________ Driven by the ____ HO surface atmosphere sun

12. Water Cycle Diagram:

15.  processes that put water FROM the earth’s surface TO the atmosphere:  processes that put water TO the earth’s surface from the atmosphere: Aquifer = groundwater that accumulates to from large _____ underground transpiration, respiration, evaporation, excretion, decomposition precipitation (snow, rain, hail, sleet) lakes Transpiration = evaporation of water from a plant’s _______ leaves

16. Photosynthesis = plants taking in ______ as part of the process that transforms solar energy into _________ energy (food) 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 Respiration = “_________ out” as part of the process that breaks down _____ for energy 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O water chemical breathing food

17. Water enters plants through their ______ (to be used in photosynthesis)  water exits plants through ____________ or ___________ Water enters animals through _____ or _____  w water exits animals through ___________, _________, or ______________ roots transpiration respiration food drink respiration excretiondecomposition

18. B. The Carbon Cycle: Recycling ___ and ___ Carbon cycle = the movement of carbon between the Earth’s _______ and its ____________ Partially driven by the ____ and partially driven by ________ activity or spontaneous events like the _________ of volcanoes CO surface atmosphere sun human eruption

20. Carbon Cycle Diagram:

22.  processes that put carbon FROM the earth’s surface TO the atmosphere:  processes that put carbon TO the earth’s surface FROM the atmosphere: Would we be able to live without plants? respiration, combustion, burning organic debris, volcanic eruptions photosynthesis NO

23. Fossil fuels like ____ and ______ are formed when organisms ____, are buried with very little ________ over a long period of _____  combustion = the burning of ______ fuels e.g. oilcoal die oxygen time fossil engines

24. C. The Nitrogen Cycle: Recycling ___ Nitrogen cycle = the movement of nitrogen between the Earth’s _______ and its atmosphere Nitrogen gas makes up _____ of the Earth’s atmosphere N surface 78%

25. Nitrogen Cycle Diagram:

28. Driven by 3 types of ________: a.nitrogen fixation = when bacteria that lives in the ______ of legumes convert _________ gas into ammonia (____)  legume = the ______ and _____ family b.nitrification = when bacteria that lives in the _____ converts ammonia (____) into nitrates (__________) bacteria roots nitrogen NH 3 bean pea soil NH 3 NO 2 / NO 3

29.  the usable form of nitrogen for plants is _________________  plants can turn the ________ into _______ acids which are used to form __________  ammonification = the process by which animals and plants turn _________ in food into _______________ nitrates (NO 2 / NO 3 ) nitrates amino proteins proteins ammonia (NH 3 )

30. c.denitrification = when bacteria that live in the _____ converts _________ from animal and plant waste into _____________ gas and releases it to the Earth’s atmosphere soilammonia nitrogen (N 2 )

31. D. The Phosphorus Cycle: Recycling ___ Phosphorus cycle = the movement of ___________ between living organisms and the Earth’s ________ Phosphorus is essential for the body to build ______ Phosphorus is not found in the Earth’s ____________ but exists mainly on land in _______ and _____ and in the ocean as part of _________ P phosphorus surface DNA atmosphere rockssoil sediment

32. Phosphorus Cycle Diagram:

33. II. Nutrient Limitation Nutrients recycle through the ecosystem but what happens if we run out of usable forms of nutrients? Primary Productivity = the rate at which __________ make usable organic matter for ____________ e.g. producers consumption apples / year

34. Limiting Nutrient = when an ecosystem is _______ by a single nutrient that is _______ or cycles very _______  this does not allow producers to make enough ________ matter for consumers and thus ________ the primary productivity  oftentimes, the limiting nutrient is ________ or ___________ (both are need and often found in larger amounts in ________) limitedscarce slowly organic controls nitrogen phosphorus fertilizers

35. What happens if there is an overabundance of a former limiting nutrient? Producers will grow in ____________ at a very fast ____ and overall usable matter will _________ Sometimes this can negatively disrupt the delicate balance of ____ in the ecosystem productivity rate increase life

36.  algal blooms = an immediate increase in the amount of ______ from a large input of a limiting ________  usually caused by run-off of ________ from fertilizers  results in choking other __________ and wildlife because the algae blocks gas exchange algae nutrient nitrogen organisms