2. City- states of Mesopotamia
Sumerians - Were one of the first groups to form a civilization. - Formed city-states that developed their own government and ruler. - Earliest governments were controlled by temple priests. -Military leaders often became full-time rulers. Power would be passed down to their sons. - City-states began to grow and constant trade led to cultural diffusion.

3. City-states of mesopotamia
Life in Sumerian Society
- The emergence of civilization brought about social
classes. (Kings, landholders, and priests made up
the highest level in Sumerian society)
- From 3000 to 2000 B.C. the city-states were almost
always at war with one another.
- This continued until Sargon of Akkad took control
of both northern and southern Mesopotamia and
created the world’s first empire.

4. City-states of Mesopotamia
Theocracy – a form of government where God is recognized as the head of state.
Autocratic – a form of government where all power is given to one person.
Hammurabi’s Code – Single uniform code of laws to unify the empire.

5. Warring City-States

6. Section Opener
The growth of city states in Greece lead to the development of several political systems, including democracy.

7. Rule and Order in Greek City-States
By 750 B.C. the Greek city-state, or polis, is the formal government.
A polis is a city and its surrounding villages; square miles.
Population of a city-state is often less than 10,000.
Citizens gather in the marketplace and acropolis—a fortified hilltop

8. Rule and Order in Greek City-States
Greek Political Structures
City-states have different forms of government.
Monarchy-rule by a king
Aristocracy-rule by nobility
Oligarchy-rule by a small group of powerful merchants and artisans

9. Rule and Order in Greek City-States
Tyrants Seize Power
Rulers and common people clash in many city-states.
Tyrants—nobles and wealthy citizens win support of common people.
They seize control and rule in the interests of ordinary people.

10. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy
Building Democracy
About 621 B.C., democracy—rule by the people—develops in Athens.
Nobleman, Draco, develops legal code based on equality of citizens.
Ruler Solon abolishes debt slavery; Cleisthenes has citizens make laws.
Only native-born, property-owning males are citizens.

11. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy
Athenian Education
Schooling only for sons of wealthy families.
Girls learn from mothers and other female members of the household.

12. Sparta Builds a Military State
A Unique City State
Sparta, isolated from much of Greece, builds a military state.
Sparta Dominates Messenians
Around 725 B.C., Sparta conquers Messenia
Messenians become helots—peasants forced to farm the land.
Harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build a stronger state.

13. Sparta Builds a Military State
Sparta’s Government and Society
Sparta government has four branches:
Assembly – composed of all Spartan citizens
Council of Elders – Made up of 30 older citizens
5 elected officials
Carried out laws
Two Kings who ruled
Sparta’s Military Forces
Three social classes:
Citizens
Free non-citizens
Helots--slaves

14. Sparta Builds a Military State
Spartan Daily Life
Spartan values: duty, strength, individuality, discipline over freedom.
Sparta has the most powerful army in Greece
Males move into barracks at age 7, train until 30, serve until 60.
Girls receive some military training and live hard lives
Girls are also taught to value service to Sparta above all else

15. Democracy and Greece
Chapter 5, Section 3
Democratic principles and classical culture flourish during Greece’s golden age.

16. Pericles’ Plan for Athens
Pericles as Leader
A wise and able statesman during Athens Golden Age
Also known as The Age of Pericles
Dominates life in Athens from 461 to 429 B.C.

17. Pericles’ Plan for Athens
Stronger Democracy
Pericles hires more paid public officials; creates direct democracy
Direct democracy— citizens rule directly, not through representatives

18. Pericles’ Plan for Athens
Athenian Empire
Takes over the Delian League; uses money to strengthen Athenian fleet.
Sparta and other cities resent Athenian power.
Glorifying Athens
Pericles buys gold, ivory, marble; hires artisans to beautify Athens all with money from the Delian League without the whole league’s consent.

19. Philosophers Search for Truth
Rise of Great Philosophers
After Athens was defeated in a war against Sparta, thinkers emerge who are called “lovers of wisdom.”
Philosophers believe the universe is subject to absolute and unchanging laws.
Believed people could understand laws through logic and reason.

20. Philosophers Search for Truth
The Sophists
The word means “the wisest,” so they were proud of their supposed philosophical knowledge.
They claimed they could find the answers to all questions.
They used rhetoric to win arguments.
They often charged fees for teaching their skills and for arguing for others. They might be considered a type of lawyer of the time.
Sophist philosopher Protogoras questions the existence of Greek gods.

21. Philosophers Search for Truth
Socrates
He believes in questioning and teaches through the method of questioning.
He is believed to have said “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
He is convicted of “corrupting the youth of Athens and sentenced to death in 399 B.C.
He dies by drinking hemlock,
a slow acting poison.

22. Philosophers Search for Truth
Plato
He is a student of Socrates.
He writes The Republic, about an ideal society ruled by Philosopher-Kings
His writings dominate European philosophy for 1,500 years.

23. Philosophers Search for Truth
Aristotle
He was a student of Plato.
He uses rules of logic for argument.
His work provides the basis for scientific method, still used today.
He tutors 13-year-old prince who becomes Alexander the Great

24. The Roman Republic
Chapter 6, Section 1

25. The Origins of Rome Rome’s Geography The First Romans
Site of Rome chosen for its fertile soil and strategic location
Located on Italian Peninsula in the center of the Mediterranean Sea.
Built on seven hills along Tiber River
The First Romans
Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans compete for control of the region.
Latins found original settlement of Rome between 1000 B.C. and 500 B.C.
Etruscans native to northern Italy influence Roman civilization

26. The Early Republic Early Rulers
Around 600 B.C. Etruscan kings begin to rule Rome.
Kings build Rome’s first temples and public centers
Romans overthrow Etruscan kings in 509 B.C.
Romans found a republic—a government in which citizens elect leaders.

27. The Early Republic Patricians and Plebeians
Different groups struggle for power in early Roman Republic
Patricians— wealthy landowning class that holds most of the power
Plebeians— artisans, merchants and farmers; can vote, but cannot rule
Tribunes—elected representatives who protect Plebeians’ rights

28. The Early Republic Twelve Tables
In 451 B.C. officials carve Roman laws on twelve tablets.
Called the Twelve Tables, they become the basis for later Roman law.
Laws confirm the right of all free citizens to the protection of the law.
Citizenship is limited to adult male landowners.
The Twelve Tables are hung in the Forum

29. The Early Republic Government Under the Republic
Rome elects two consuls—one to lead the army and one to direct government.
Senate— chosen from Roman upper class; makes foreign and domestic policy.
Democratic assemblies elect tribunes and makes laws for common people.
Dictators are leaders appointed briefly in times of crisis.

30. The Early Republic The Roman Army
Roman legion— military unit of 5,000 infantry, supported by cavalry.
Army is powerful and a key factor in Rome’s rise to greatness.

32. The Fall of the Roman Republic

33. The Republic collapses
- In 133 B.C. Rome was a democracy. Little more than 100 years later it was governed by an emperor. - As Rome grew, the gap between the rich and poor grew. - Julius Caesar's conquests gained him popularity and in 44 B.C. he was named dictator for life.

34. The republic collapses
- Senators jealous of Caeser’s power plotted against
him and on March 15, 44 B.C. he was assassinated.
- In 31 B.C. Caesar’s nephew and adopted son
Augustus took control.
-During Augustus’s 40 year rule, his political structure would become the basis of Roman imperial government for the next 4 centuries. When he died the idea of the ‘free republic’ was a distant dream.