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The Female Reproductive System

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Presentation on theme: "The Female Reproductive System"— Presentation transcript:

1

2 The Female Reproductive System
Two Divisions of Endometrium Functional zone Layer closest to uterine cavity Basilar zone Adjacent to myometrium

3 The Female Reproductive System
Menses Is the degeneration of functional zone Occurs in patches Is caused by constriction of spiral arteries Reducing blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients Weakened arterial walls rupture Releasing blood into connective tissues of functional zone

4 The Female Reproductive System
Three Suspensory Ligaments of Uterus Uterosacral ligaments Prevent inferior–anterior movement Round ligaments Restrict posterior movement Cardinal (lateral) ligaments Prevent inferior movement

5 The Female Reproductive System
Uterine Body (or corpus) Is largest portion of uterus Ends at isthmus Fundus Is rounded portion of uterine body Superior to attachment of uterine tubes

6 The Female Reproductive System
Cervix Is inferior portion of uterus Extends from isthmus to vagina Distal end projects about 1.25 cm (0.5 in.) into vagina External os Also called external orifice of uterus Is surrounded by distal end of cervix Leads into cervical canal

7 The Female Reproductive System
Cervical Canal Is a constricted passageway opening to uterine cavity of body At internal os (internal orifice)

8 The Female Reproductive System
Nerves of the Uterus Autonomic fibers from hypogastric plexus (sympathetic) Sacral segments S3 and S4 (parasympathetic) Segmental blocks Anesthetic procedure used during labor Target spinal nerves T10–L1

9 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–18a The Uterus.

10 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–18b The Uterus.

11 The Female Reproductive System
The Uterine Wall Has a thick, outer, muscular myometrium Has a thin, inner, glandular endometrium (mucosa)

12 The Female Reproductive System
Two Divisions of Endometrium Functional zone Layer closest to uterine cavity Basilar zone Adjacent to myometrium

13 The Female Reproductive System
Menses Is the degeneration of functional zone Occurs in patches Is caused by constriction of spiral arteries Reducing blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients Weakened arterial walls rupture Releasing blood into connective tissues of functional zone

14 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–20b The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle.

15 The Female Reproductive System
The Secretory Phase Endometrial glands enlarge, increasing rate of secretion Arteries of uterine wall Elongate and spiral through functional zone Begins at ovulation and persists as long as corpus luteum remains intact Peaks about 12 days after ovulation Glandular activity declines Generally lasts 14 days

16 The Female Reproductive System
The Vagina Cervix projects into vaginal canal Fornix is shallow recess surrounding cervical protrusion Lies parallel to Rectum, posteriorly Urethra, anteriorly

17 The Female Reproductive System
Blood Supply of the Vagina Is through vaginal branches of internal iliac (uterine) arteries and veins

18 The Female Reproductive System
The Secretory Phase Endometrial glands enlarge, increasing rate of secretion Arteries of uterine wall Elongate and spiral through functional zone Begins at ovulation and persists as long as corpus luteum remains intact Peaks about 12 days after ovulation Glandular activity declines Generally lasts 14 days

19 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–20c The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle.

20 The Female Reproductive System
The Uterine Cycle Ends as corpus luteum stops producing stimulatory hormones

21 The Female Reproductive System
Menarche The first uterine cycle Begins at puberty (age 11–12) Menopause The termination of uterine cycles Age 45–55

22 The Female Reproductive System
Amenorrhea Primary amenorrhea Failure to initiate menses Transient secondary amenorrhea Interruption of 6 months or more Caused by physical or emotional stresses

23 The Female Reproductive System
The Vagina Is an elastic, muscular tube Extends between cervix and vestibule 7.5–9 cm (3-3.6 in.) long Highly distensible

24 The Female Reproductive System
The Vagina Cervix projects into vaginal canal Fornix is shallow recess surrounding cervical protrusion Lies parallel to Rectum, posteriorly Urethra, anteriorly

25 The Female Reproductive System
Blood Supply of the Vagina Is through vaginal branches of internal iliac (uterine) arteries and veins

26 The Female Reproductive System
Menses Is the degeneration of functional zone Occurs in patches Is caused by constriction of spiral arteries Reducing blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients Weakened arterial walls rupture Releasing blood into connective tissues of functional zone

27 The Female Reproductive System
Three Suspensory Ligaments of Uterus Uterosacral ligaments Prevent inferior–anterior movement Round ligaments Restrict posterior movement Cardinal (lateral) ligaments Prevent inferior movement

28 The Female Reproductive System
Uterine Body (or corpus) Is largest portion of uterus Ends at isthmus Fundus Is rounded portion of uterine body Superior to attachment of uterine tubes

29 The Female Reproductive System
Cervix Is inferior portion of uterus Extends from isthmus to vagina Distal end projects about 1.25 cm (0.5 in.) into vagina External os Also called external orifice of uterus Is surrounded by distal end of cervix Leads into cervical canal

30 The Female Reproductive System
Cervical Canal Is a constricted passageway opening to uterine cavity of body At internal os (internal orifice)

31 The Female Reproductive System
Blood Supply of the Uterus Branches of uterine arteries Arising from branches of internal iliac arteries Ovarian arteries Arising from abdominal aorta Veins and lymphatic vessels

32 The Female Reproductive System
Nerves of the Uterus Autonomic fibers from hypogastric plexus (sympathetic) Sacral segments S3 and S4 (parasympathetic) Segmental blocks Anesthetic procedure used during labor Target spinal nerves T10–L1

33 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–18a The Uterus.

34 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–18b The Uterus.

35 The Female Reproductive System
The Uterine Wall Has a thick, outer, muscular myometrium Has a thin, inner, glandular endometrium (mucosa)

36 The Female Reproductive System
Two Divisions of Endometrium Functional zone Layer closest to uterine cavity Basilar zone Adjacent to myometrium

37 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–20c The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle.

38 The Female Reproductive System
Blood Supply of the Vagina Is through vaginal branches of internal iliac (uterine) arteries and veins

39 The Female Reproductive System
Innervation of the Vagina Hypogastric plexus Sacral nerves Branches of pudendal nerve

40 The Female Reproductive System
Vaginal Lamina Propria Is thick and elastic Contains small blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes

41 The Female Reproductive System
The Vaginal Mucosa Is surrounded by elastic muscularis layer Layers of smooth muscle fibers Arranged in circular and longitudinal bundles Continuous with uterine myometrium

42 The Female Reproductive System
Menses Is the degeneration of functional zone Occurs in patches Is caused by constriction of spiral arteries Reducing blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients Weakened arterial walls rupture Releasing blood into connective tissues of functional zone

43 The Female Reproductive System
Three Suspensory Ligaments of Uterus Uterosacral ligaments Prevent inferior–anterior movement Round ligaments Restrict posterior movement Cardinal (lateral) ligaments Prevent inferior movement

44 The Female Reproductive System
Uterine Body (or corpus) Is largest portion of uterus Ends at isthmus Fundus Is rounded portion of uterine body Superior to attachment of uterine tubes

45 The Female Reproductive System
Cervix Is inferior portion of uterus Extends from isthmus to vagina Distal end projects about 1.25 cm (0.5 in.) into vagina External os Also called external orifice of uterus Is surrounded by distal end of cervix Leads into cervical canal

46 The Female Reproductive System
Blood Supply of the Uterus Branches of uterine arteries Arising from branches of internal iliac arteries Ovarian arteries Arising from abdominal aorta Veins and lymphatic vessels

47 The Female Reproductive System
Nerves of the Uterus Autonomic fibers from hypogastric plexus (sympathetic) Sacral segments S3 and S4 (parasympathetic) Segmental blocks Anesthetic procedure used during labor Target spinal nerves T10–L1

48 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–18a The Uterus.

49 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–18b The Uterus.

50 The Female Reproductive System
The Uterine Wall Has a thick, outer, muscular myometrium Has a thin, inner, glandular endometrium (mucosa)

51 The Female Reproductive System
Two Divisions of Endometrium Functional zone Layer closest to uterine cavity Basilar zone Adjacent to myometrium

52 The Female Reproductive System
Menses Is the degeneration of functional zone Occurs in patches Is caused by constriction of spiral arteries Reducing blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients Weakened arterial walls rupture Releasing blood into connective tissues of functional zone

53 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–20b The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle.

54 The Female Reproductive System
The Secretory Phase Endometrial glands enlarge, increasing rate of secretion Arteries of uterine wall Elongate and spiral through functional zone Begins at ovulation and persists as long as corpus luteum remains intact Peaks about 12 days after ovulation Glandular activity declines Generally lasts 14 days

55 The Female Reproductive System
The Vagina Cervix projects into vaginal canal Fornix is shallow recess surrounding cervical protrusion Lies parallel to Rectum, posteriorly Urethra, anteriorly

56 The Female Reproductive System
Blood Supply of the Vagina Is through vaginal branches of internal iliac (uterine) arteries and veins

57 The Female Reproductive System
The Secretory Phase Endometrial glands enlarge, increasing rate of secretion Arteries of uterine wall Elongate and spiral through functional zone Begins at ovulation and persists as long as corpus luteum remains intact Peaks about 12 days after ovulation Glandular activity declines Generally lasts 14 days

58 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–20c The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle.

59 The Female Reproductive System
The Uterine Cycle Ends as corpus luteum stops producing stimulatory hormones

60 The Female Reproductive System
Menarche The first uterine cycle Begins at puberty (age 11–12) Menopause The termination of uterine cycles Age 45–55

61 The Female Reproductive System
Amenorrhea Primary amenorrhea Failure to initiate menses Transient secondary amenorrhea Interruption of 6 months or more Caused by physical or emotional stresses

62 The Female Reproductive System
The Vagina Is an elastic, muscular tube Extends between cervix and vestibule 7.5–9 cm (3-3.6 in.) long Highly distensible

63 The Female Reproductive System
The Vagina Cervix projects into vaginal canal Fornix is shallow recess surrounding cervical protrusion Lies parallel to Rectum, posteriorly Urethra, anteriorly

64 The Female Reproductive System
Blood Supply of the Vagina Is through vaginal branches of internal iliac (uterine) arteries and veins

65 The Female Reproductive System
Menses Is the degeneration of functional zone Occurs in patches Is caused by constriction of spiral arteries Reducing blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients Weakened arterial walls rupture Releasing blood into connective tissues of functional zone

66 The Female Reproductive System
Three Suspensory Ligaments of Uterus Uterosacral ligaments Prevent inferior–anterior movement Round ligaments Restrict posterior movement Cardinal (lateral) ligaments Prevent inferior movement

67 The Female Reproductive System
Uterine Body (or corpus) Is largest portion of uterus Ends at isthmus Fundus Is rounded portion of uterine body Superior to attachment of uterine tubes

68 The Female Reproductive System
Cervix Is inferior portion of uterus Extends from isthmus to vagina Distal end projects about 1.25 cm (0.5 in.) into vagina External os Also called external orifice of uterus Is surrounded by distal end of cervix Leads into cervical canal

69 The Female Reproductive System
Cervical Canal Is a constricted passageway opening to uterine cavity of body At internal os (internal orifice)

70 The Female Reproductive System
Blood Supply of the Uterus Branches of uterine arteries Arising from branches of internal iliac arteries Ovarian arteries Arising from abdominal aorta Veins and lymphatic vessels

71 The Female Reproductive System
Nerves of the Uterus Autonomic fibers from hypogastric plexus (sympathetic) Sacral segments S3 and S4 (parasympathetic) Segmental blocks Anesthetic procedure used during labor Target spinal nerves T10–L1

72 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–18a The Uterus.

73 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–18b The Uterus.

74 The Female Reproductive System
The Uterine Wall Has a thick, outer, muscular myometrium Has a thin, inner, glandular endometrium (mucosa)

75 The Female Reproductive System
Two Divisions of Endometrium Functional zone Layer closest to uterine cavity Basilar zone Adjacent to myometrium

76 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–20c The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle.

77 The Female Reproductive System
Blood Supply of the Vagina Is through vaginal branches of internal iliac (uterine) arteries and veins

78 The Female Reproductive System
Innervation of the Vagina Hypogastric plexus Sacral nerves Branches of pudendal nerve

79 The Female Reproductive System
Vaginal Lamina Propria Is thick and elastic Contains small blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes

80 The Female Reproductive System
The Vaginal Mucosa Is surrounded by elastic muscularis layer Layers of smooth muscle fibers Arranged in circular and longitudinal bundles Continuous with uterine myometrium

81 The Female Reproductive System
Vaginal Bacteria A population of harmless resident bacteria Supported by nutrients in cervical mucus Creates acidic environment Restricts growth of many pathogens

82 The Female Reproductive System
A Vaginal Smear Is a sample of epithelial cells shed at surface of vagina Used to estimate stage in ovarian and uterine cycles

83 The Female Reproductive System
Vulva (or pudendum) Area containing female external genitalia Vestibule A central space bounded by small folds (labia minora) Covered with smooth, hairless skin Urethra opens into vestibule Anterior to vaginal entrance

84 The Female Reproductive System
Menses Is the degeneration of functional zone Occurs in patches Is caused by constriction of spiral arteries Reducing blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients Weakened arterial walls rupture Releasing blood into connective tissues of functional zone

85 The Female Reproductive System
Three Suspensory Ligaments of Uterus Uterosacral ligaments Prevent inferior–anterior movement Round ligaments Restrict posterior movement Cardinal (lateral) ligaments Prevent inferior movement

86 The Female Reproductive System
Uterine Body (or corpus) Is largest portion of uterus Ends at isthmus Fundus Is rounded portion of uterine body Superior to attachment of uterine tubes

87 The Female Reproductive System
Cervix Is inferior portion of uterus Extends from isthmus to vagina Distal end projects about 1.25 cm (0.5 in.) into vagina External os Also called external orifice of uterus Is surrounded by distal end of cervix Leads into cervical canal

88 The Female Reproductive System
Cervical Canal Is a constricted passageway opening to uterine cavity of body At internal os (internal orifice)

89 The Female Reproductive System
Blood Supply of the Uterus Branches of uterine arteries Arising from branches of internal iliac arteries Ovarian arteries Arising from abdominal aorta Veins and lymphatic vessels

90 The Female Reproductive System
Nerves of the Uterus Autonomic fibers from hypogastric plexus (sympathetic) Sacral segments S3 and S4 (parasympathetic) Segmental blocks Anesthetic procedure used during labor Target spinal nerves T10–L1

91 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–18a The Uterus.

92 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–18b The Uterus.

93 The Female Reproductive System
The Uterine Wall Has a thick, outer, muscular myometrium Has a thin, inner, glandular endometrium (mucosa)

94 The Female Reproductive System
Two Divisions of Endometrium Functional zone Layer closest to uterine cavity Basilar zone Adjacent to myometrium

95 The Female Reproductive System
Menses Is the degeneration of functional zone Occurs in patches Is caused by constriction of spiral arteries Reducing blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients Weakened arterial walls rupture Releasing blood into connective tissues of functional zone

96 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–20b The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle.

97 The Female Reproductive System
The Secretory Phase Endometrial glands enlarge, increasing rate of secretion Arteries of uterine wall Elongate and spiral through functional zone Begins at ovulation and persists as long as corpus luteum remains intact Peaks about 12 days after ovulation Glandular activity declines Generally lasts 14 days

98 The Female Reproductive System
The Vagina Cervix projects into vaginal canal Fornix is shallow recess surrounding cervical protrusion Lies parallel to Rectum, posteriorly Urethra, anteriorly

99 The Female Reproductive System
Blood Supply of the Vagina Is through vaginal branches of internal iliac (uterine) arteries and veins

100 The Female Reproductive System
The Secretory Phase Endometrial glands enlarge, increasing rate of secretion Arteries of uterine wall Elongate and spiral through functional zone Begins at ovulation and persists as long as corpus luteum remains intact Peaks about 12 days after ovulation Glandular activity declines Generally lasts 14 days

101 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–20c The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle.

102 The Female Reproductive System
The Uterine Cycle Ends as corpus luteum stops producing stimulatory hormones

103 The Female Reproductive System
Menarche The first uterine cycle Begins at puberty (age 11–12) Menopause The termination of uterine cycles Age 45–55

104 The Female Reproductive System
Amenorrhea Primary amenorrhea Failure to initiate menses Transient secondary amenorrhea Interruption of 6 months or more Caused by physical or emotional stresses

105 The Female Reproductive System
The Vagina Is an elastic, muscular tube Extends between cervix and vestibule 7.5–9 cm (3-3.6 in.) long Highly distensible

106 The Female Reproductive System
The Vagina Cervix projects into vaginal canal Fornix is shallow recess surrounding cervical protrusion Lies parallel to Rectum, posteriorly Urethra, anteriorly

107 The Female Reproductive System
Blood Supply of the Vagina Is through vaginal branches of internal iliac (uterine) arteries and veins

108 The Female Reproductive System
Menses Is the degeneration of functional zone Occurs in patches Is caused by constriction of spiral arteries Reducing blood flow, oxygen, and nutrients Weakened arterial walls rupture Releasing blood into connective tissues of functional zone

109 The Female Reproductive System
Three Suspensory Ligaments of Uterus Uterosacral ligaments Prevent inferior–anterior movement Round ligaments Restrict posterior movement Cardinal (lateral) ligaments Prevent inferior movement

110 The Female Reproductive System
Uterine Body (or corpus) Is largest portion of uterus Ends at isthmus Fundus Is rounded portion of uterine body Superior to attachment of uterine tubes

111 The Female Reproductive System
Cervix Is inferior portion of uterus Extends from isthmus to vagina Distal end projects about 1.25 cm (0.5 in.) into vagina External os Also called external orifice of uterus Is surrounded by distal end of cervix Leads into cervical canal

112 The Female Reproductive System
Cervical Canal Is a constricted passageway opening to uterine cavity of body At internal os (internal orifice)

113 The Female Reproductive System
Blood Supply of the Uterus Branches of uterine arteries Arising from branches of internal iliac arteries Ovarian arteries Arising from abdominal aorta Veins and lymphatic vessels

114 The Female Reproductive System
Nerves of the Uterus Autonomic fibers from hypogastric plexus (sympathetic) Sacral segments S3 and S4 (parasympathetic) Segmental blocks Anesthetic procedure used during labor Target spinal nerves T10–L1

115 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–18a The Uterus.

116 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–18b The Uterus.

117 The Female Reproductive System
The Uterine Wall Has a thick, outer, muscular myometrium Has a thin, inner, glandular endometrium (mucosa)

118 The Female Reproductive System
Two Divisions of Endometrium Functional zone Layer closest to uterine cavity Basilar zone Adjacent to myometrium

119 The Female Reproductive System
Figure 26–20c The Appearance of the Endometrium during the Uterine Cycle.

120 The Female Reproductive System
Blood Supply of the Vagina Is through vaginal branches of internal iliac (uterine) arteries and veins

121 The Female Reproductive System
Innervation of the Vagina Hypogastric plexus Sacral nerves Branches of pudendal nerve

122 The Female Reproductive System
Vaginal Lamina Propria Is thick and elastic Contains small blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes

123 The Female Reproductive System
The Vaginal Mucosa Is surrounded by elastic muscularis layer Layers of smooth muscle fibers Arranged in circular and longitudinal bundles Continuous with uterine myometrium

124 The Female Reproductive System
The Vaginal Epithelium Is nonkeratinized, stratified, and squamous Forms folds (rugae) Changes with ovarian cycle

125 The Female Reproductive System
Vulva (or pudendum) Area containing female external genitalia Vestibule A central space bounded by small folds (labia minora) Covered with smooth, hairless skin Urethra opens into vestibule Anterior to vaginal entrance

126 The Female Reproductive System
Paraurethral Glands Also called Skene glands Discharge into urethra near external opening

127 The Female Reproductive System
Mammary Glands Consist of lobes Each containing several secretory lobules Separated by dense connective tissue

128 The Female Reproductive System
Suspensory Ligaments of the Breast Bands of connective tissue Originate in dermis of overlying skin Areolar tissue separates mammary gland complex from underlying pectoralis muscles Blood Supply of Mammary Glands Branches of internal thoracic artery


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