1. 23/11/00 PM10 from road transport The contribution of road transport to PM10 is small relative to other sources and will decrease PM10 from road fuels is set to decrease by nearly an order of magnitude as a result of already agreed measures The contribution of further fuel changes to road transport PM10 would be small and would taper off after a few years (reference fuel effect) The unit cost of further fuel changes for PM10 abatement would increase exponentially over the years Other measures such as retrofitting of particulate traps in commercial vehicles would be considerably more effective than fuel changes CONCAWE are fully prepared to participate in further studies and can offer An extensive EU-wide refinery model for the evaluation of refinery costs and other implications of fuel changes The STEERS model to quickly evaluate the impact of measures on EU road emissions

2. 23/11/00 PM10 from road transport The contribution of road transport to PM10 is small relative to other sources and will decrease

3. 23/11/00 PM10 from road transport The contribution of road transport to PM10 is small relative to other sources and will decrease London PM10 actual inventory and forecast 1995 Total 2010 Road1995 Road 2010 Total

4. 23/11/00 PM10 from road transport The contribution of further fuel changes to road transport PM10 would be small and would taper off after a few years (reference fuel effect)

5. 23/11/00 PM10 from road transport The contribution of further fuel changes to road transport PM10 would be small and would taper off after a few years (reference fuel effect)

6. 23/11/00 PM10 from road transport The unit cost of further fuel changes for PM10 abatement would increase exponentially over the years

7. 23/11/00 PM10 from road transport Other measures such as retrofitting of particulate traps in commercial vehicles would be considerably more effective than fuel changes

8. 23/11/00 PM10 from road transport More research is required to better understand the formation mechanisms and health effects of all particles Current PM emission standards are based on mass. They will be reduced through already agreed measures to a level close to the reliability of the measurement. Accumulation mode particles (>30nm, mainly carbon/soot-based) can be reliably measured. Their formation mechanisms are well understood. Nucleation mode particles (<30nm, volatile matter) cannot be reliably sampled/measured. Their formation mechanisms and health effects are not clear. More research is needed to gain this understanding before effective control measures can be proposed.