1. Ch. 10 Classification and Phylogeny of Animals

2. ORDER from DIVERSITY!
1.5 million species of animals named, thousands added every year
“Natural System” of classification: Animals grouped according to evolutionary relationships based on shared features

3. Systematic Classification
Based on Comparative biology
Studies variations among animal populations
3 goals of Systematic Zoologists:
Discover all species of animals
Reconstruct their evolutionary relationships
Classify them accordingly

4. These are the 7 mandatory taxons
Linnaeus & Classification Each level is called a taxon. This is the taxonomy of a human.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
These are the 7 mandatory taxons

5. To Remember…
Use a memory sentence to remember the order of the taxa, like…
Kings King
Play Phillip
Chess Came
On Over
Fine For
Green Great
Silk Spaghetti

6. Naming Scientific names or Latin names
2 names = BINOMIAL NOEMNCLATURE of the last two taxa
Genus species
Ex. Thunnus albacares

7. Naming TRINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE? Subspecies Examples:
Animals: breeds, races, ethnicity
Plants: breeds, varieties
Somateria mollissima dresseri
Somateria mollissima borealis

8. What is a species? GENERAL DEFINITION An interbreeding population
Smallest phylogenetic grouping
Has a geographic range (where it is found)
Has a evolutionary duration (when it has lived)

9. Species COSMOPOLITAN – large, even worldwide distribution
ENDEMIC – small or restricted range of habitat
Wallaroos

10. Typological Species Concept
Species defined by fixed, immutable morphological features
Defined a species with a Type Specimen
Pre-dates Darwin but many features of this system still used.

11. Biological Species Concept
-Based on interbreeding populations of common descent that occupies a specific niche and share morphology.
-Sibling Species: morphologically identical populations that do not interbreed (ecological races)

12. Evolutionary Species Concept
- Addresses time dimension lacking in biological concept
Can include fossils
Single lineage of ancestor-descendant populations distinct from other lineages

13. Phylogenetic Species Concept
Based on groupings that cannot be sub-divided further with physical AND evolutionary characteristics
Emphasizes common descent
Most useful in Modern Cladistics

14. Phylogeny
Study of the phyla, evolutionary “tree” that relates extant and extinct species.
Accomplished by studying characters, features used for comparison

15. Characters
Homology – similar characteristics that come from a similar ancestry (divergent evolution)
Homeoplasy - similar characteristics that come from a different ancestry (convergent evolution)
Ancestral (relictual) – trait shared with ancestors
Derived – “new” trait, different from ancestors

16. Sources of Characters (Phylogenetic Info)
Morphology/ anatomy/physiology
Evolution
Biochemistry (enzymes, DNA)
Environmental aspects
Comparative cytology

17. Organization/Diagrams
Clades – species that share derived characteristics form groups called clades, unit of evolutionary common descent
Cladogram – a branching classification diagram that shows NESTED hierarchies of organisms; branch length arbitrary

18. Simple cladogram
Characteristics to the right indicate what groups branch out, and when
Branches to the left show the groups that do not have the necessary characteristics to continue on the “family tree”

19. Cladogram based on characters
science.kennesaw.edu/.../LecIntro/CladVert.GIF
Characters are listed in the table to the left
Cladogram shows how these characteristics and groups branching off are sorted

20. Cladogram made from genetic characteristics
Sphyraena
Pomatomus
Acanthocybium
Sarda
Auxis rochei
Auxis thazard
Scomber
Lepidocybium
Ruvettus
Neoepinnula
Gempylus
Thyrsites
Nesiarchus
Rexea
Paradiplospinus
Diplospinus
Promethichthys
Nealotus
Assurger
Lepidopus altifrons
Trichiurus
Lepidopus caudatus
Aphanopus
Benthodesmus
Scombridae
Gempylidae
Overall ML
Cladogram made from genetic characteristics
Trichiuridae

21. Organization/Diagrams
Phylogenetic Tree – diagram representing REAL evolutionary lineages; branch length indicate ancestors, relative amount of changes in characters

22. Phylogenetic Tree – distances depict changes

23. Phylogenetic Trees

24. Kingdoms
Whittaker’s Five-Kingdom classification