1. Organizational Culture
Shared values and norms
Common beliefs and feelings, regularities in behavior
“The way we do things around here”
Conveyed through rituals, stories, and social indoctrination

2. Creation of Organizational Culture
Beliefs and values of the organization’s founder
Societal norms of firm’s native/host country
Problems of external adaptation and survival
Problems of internal integration

3. Cultural Differences
Westerners have fairly precise measures of time and a stronger concern for punctuality than most other people
Monochronic style individuals focus on one thing at a time; characteristic of USA
Polychronic style individuals focus on several things at one time; characteristics of Latin American countries

4. Dimensions of Cultural Differences
Research has shown that countries differ significantly in
Interpersonal trust
Power-distance
Avoidance of uncertainty
Individualism v. Collectivism

5. Doing Business in Latin America
Few people rush into business
Men and women congregate into separate groups at social functions
Latin Americans stand more closely to each other than North Americans when in conversation
Men may embrace

6. Doing Business in Latin America (Cont.)
Guests are expected to arrive late, with exception of American guests
Little concern about deadlines
Machismo - expectation that businessmen will display forcefulness, self-confidence, leadership with flourish
Fatalism

7. Doing Business in East Asia
Japan, Korea, China
Meetings devoted to pleasantries; serving tea, engaging in chitchat
Seniors and elders command respect
Consciously use slow down techniques as bargaining ploys
Business cards should be bilingual

8. Doing Business in Russia
Protocol-conscious
Do business only with highest ranking executives
Appear stiff and dull
More expressive in private than in public
Hard to draw up contracts due to language barriers
Have little advertising experience

9. Doing Business in the Middle East
Prefer to act through trusted third parties
Personal honor given high premium
Fatalism
Emotionally expressive
Intense eye contact
Guests should avoid discussing politics, religion, host’s family and personal professions

11. Artifacts/Symbols
- Visible objects, actions, stories that represent the culture - Most easily changed - Rites, rituals, ceremonies - Stories, myths, legends - Symbols - Language/jargon/gestures

12. Behavior Patterns
- Shared ways of interacting, approaching a task - Shared ways of responding to something new

13. Norms Socially constructed preferences
- Group expectations about how things should be done

14. Values
Preferred states
Feelings & beliefs about what’s good or right

15. Shared Assumptions
- Taken for granted - Not conscious - Hard to change

16. Assessing Your Cultural Identity
This questionnaire is to help you think about the degree to which you identify with your culture group. Use the following scale to indicate the degree to which each statement is true of the way you typically think about yourself.
“Always False” (1), “Mostly False” (2), “Sometimes True and Sometimes False” (3), “Mostly True” (4), or “Always True” (5).
Cultural Identity
1. Being a member of my culture is important to me.
2. Membership in my culture is central to how I define myself.
3. If I were born again, I would want to be born as a member of my culture.
4. I often think about being a member of my culture
5. Being a member of my culture plays a large role in my life.

17. Assessing Your Ethnic Identity
This questionnaire is to help you think about the degree to which you identify with your ethnic group. Use the following scale to indicate the degree to which each statement is true of the way you typically think about yourself.
“Always False” (1), “Mostly False” (2), “Sometimes True and Sometimes False” (3), “Mostly True” (4), or “Always True” (5).
1. If I were born again, I would want to be born as a member of my ethnic group.
2. Being a member of my ethnic group is important to me.
3. I often think about being a member of my ethnic group.
4. Being a member of my ethnic group plays a large role in my life.
5. Thinking about myself as a member of my ethnic group is central to how I define myself.
To find your scores, add the numbers you wrote next to each of the statements. Compute separate scores for cultural and ethnic identity. Scores range from 5 to 25. The higher the score, the more you identify with the group.
Adapted from Hofman’s (1985) measures of “civic” and ethnic identities

18. Assessing Your Ethnocentrism
Use the following scale to indicate the degree to which each statement is true of the way you typically think about yourself. “Always False” (1), “Mostly False” (2), “Sometimes True and Sometimes False” (3), “Mostly True” (4), or “Always True” (5).
1. I apply my values when judging people who are different.
2. I see people who are similar to me as virtuous.
3. I do not cooperate with people who are different.
4. I prefer to associate with people who are like me.
5. I do not trust people who are different from me.
To find your score, add the numbers you wrote next to each of the statements. Scores range from 5 to 25. The higher the score, the more ethnocentric you are.
SOURCE: The items on this questionnaire are drawn from Brewer’s (1981) description of ethnocentrism.