1. Dictatorships take charge
Ch. 26: The Road to WWII
Dictatorships take charge

2. Section 1: The Rise of Dictatorships in Europe and Japan

4. Characteristics of Totalitarian Regimes
-Seek to dominate all aspects of national life
-Mobilize and make use of mass political participation
-Seek the complete reconstruction of the individual and society
-Complete obedience by the people to the leader and extreme nationalism to the nation

5. Characteristics of Fascism before WWII
Complete government control by one leader
Censorship of media in all forms
The needs of the individual are less important than the needs of the state
Spread ideas and conformity through fear if necessary
Blackshirts in Italy, Brownshirts in Germany, KGB in USSR
Extreme nationalism and complete support of the dictator by the nation’s people

6. Video on the rise of fascism
As you watch the video, think about your answer to this question:
What factors in Europe allowed fascist leaders to gain power so quickly?

7. Factors that led to totalitarianism
WWI and the Treaty of Versailles
-Germany severely punished and had to pay damages to England and France
-Demilitarization led to lack of industrialization
2. The Great Depression
-The U.S. could no longer afford to loan money to Germany and other European nations which led to severe economic crisis
-World trade decreased severely
3. Failure of democratic govts. in post WWI Europe
-People were vulnerable and turned to fascist leaders who promised to end their suffering

8. The World Wide Great Depression
Long-Term Effects
Immediate Effects
Nazis take control in Germany.
Fascists come to power in other countries.
Democracies try social welfare programs.
Japan expands in East Asia.
World War II breaks out.
Millions become unemployed worldwide.
Businesses go bankrupt.
Governments take emergency measures to protect economies.
Citizens lose faith in capitalism and democracy.
Nations turn toward authoritarian leaders.

9. Benito Mussolini Became leader in 1922
Country: Italy
Type of Government: Fascism (dictatorship)
Goals and Ideas:
Centralized all power in himself as leader (total control of social, economic, and political life)
Ambition to restore the glory of Rome
Invasion of Ethiopia
Alliance with Hitler’s Germany
Il Duce- “The Leader”

11. Joseph Stalin Became leader in 1924
Country: Soviet Union (USSR)
Type of Government: Communism (dictatorship)
Goals and Ideas:
Crushed opponents and took control after Lenin’s death
Held absolute authority; suppressed resistance
Brought his country to world power status but imposed upon it one of the most ruthless regimes in history

12. Joseph Stalin New Economic Policies (NEP)
Collectivization: exported seized goods and gained enough capital to finance a massive industrialization drive
Rapid industrialization: three 5-year plans
The Great Purges: KGB = secret police killed thousands of army officers and prominent Bolsheviks who opposed Stalin
Feared the growing power of Nazi Germany

13. Hideki Tojo-Became leader of Japan in 1941
Country: Japan
Type of Government: Militarism
Goals and Ideas:
Military had taken control of the government
Emperor Hirohito could not stand up to the powerful generals, but had support of people
Industrialization of Japan by imperial conquests in Asia
Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China (the League of Nations did nothing)

14. Background to Nazi Expansion
1919 – Treaty of Versailles, Germany unfairly punished, League of Nations created
1923 – Start of economic crisis in Germany
1925 – Hitler writes Mein Kampf
– Nazi Party, Hitler take control of German government
– US passed “Neutrality Acts”, practiced isolationism

15. Video on Nazi Germany
As you watch the video, think of an answer the following question:
What specific actions did Hitler take to gain complete and supreme power in Germany for his Nazi party?

16. Adolf Hitler Became German Chacellor in 1933
Country: Germany
Type of Government: Nazism (dictatorship)
Goals and Ideas:
Inflation and depression weakened the democratic government in Germany and allowed an opportunity for Hitler to rise to power
Believed the western powers had no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty of Versailles

17. Adolf Hitler 1933
Goals and Ideas:
Anti-Semitism: persecution of Jews- Jews were the blame for Germany’s problems
Extreme nationalism: National Socialism (aka Nazism)
Aggression: German occupation of nearby countries
Lebensraum: unite all German speaking nations under the Third Reich (German dominated Europe)

18. The creation of Nazi Germany
Hitler and his followers created the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis)
Hitler first appeared on scene in during a failed coup attempt in Munich
Hitler vowed to avenge Germany’s loss in WWI and restore the German Empire (Reich)

19. The creation of Nazi Germany Contd.
By the 1930s Germany’s economic situation was worse than ever due to Great Depression
Hitler appointed Joseph Goebbels as minister of propaganda and Heinrich Himmler as head of S.S. (included German Gestapo, main German security, and main perpetrators of the Holocaust
The Nazi regime spread a tremendous amount of German pride and extreme nationalism for anything “Der Führer” (the Leader) asked the people to do
Greatest propaganda film was Triumph of the Will by ______________ ___________________

22. Background to Nazi Expansion
1919 – Treaty of Versailles, Germany unfairly punished, League of Nations created
1923 – Start of economic crisis in Germany
1925 – Hitler writes Mein Kampf- “My Struggles”
Blamed Jews, Allies, and Weimar Democratic Govt. for Germany’s problems
– Nazi Party, Hitler take control of German government

23. Lesson checkpoint question
What was one of Hitler’s goals for his new Third Reich (German Empire)?
Answer:
Hitler wanted to include all German speaking peoples in the empire (Lebensraum) and avenge Germany for the harsh treatment in the Treaty of Versailles
Also, Hitler wanted to eliminate all European Jews (extreme anti-Semitism)

24. Section 2: The Road to World War II
Could World War II have been prevented?

25. The Road to WWII: Action vs. Reaction
A series of aggressive actions by Hitler, Mussolini, Tojo or Stalin that led to the start of WWII
The response by England, France, and or the U.S. to the aggressive nations’ actions

26. Video on early German aggression
As you watch the video, write down some actions Hitler takes for start to rebuild Germany into a world power.
What does he do to break the Treaty of Versailles?

27. Step 1: 1935-1936 Germany Remilitarizes
ACTION
REACTION
Germany reintroduces the military draft, expands the Army, builds weapons
German troops occupy the Rhineland
Hitler directly violated the Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations - formal protest, no sanctions

28. Early German Aggression
All violations of the Treaty of Versailles!
Early German Aggression
Re-armament
1935, Hitler begins re-arming secretly
Also builds “autobahn”
Sends forces to re-militarize Rhineland
Area between France and Germany
Signs treaty with Benito Mussolini
1936, “Axis Powers”
1937, Germany demanded the Sudetenland
Industrial area of western Czechoslovakia
included in Hitler’s Lebensraum

30. Step 2: 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia
ACTION
REACTION
Mussolini wanted to build a New Roman Empire
Invaded/annexed Ethiopia, in Africa
Ethiopia appealed to the League of Nations
League of Nations – mild economic sanctions against Italy, not enforced
“Today it is us. It will be you tomorrow.”

31. Video on Spain in the 1930s
As you watch the video, be prepared to answer the following question:
How did the events in Spain of the 1930s help European fascists’ power to grow?

32. Very little involvement by Allies
Step 3: Germany and Italy aid nationalists in Spanish Civil War
ACTION
REACTION
Fascist Francisco Franco and the military fought to overthrow the democratic government of Spain
Italy and Germany provided supplies, weapons, troops and the powerful German Luftwaffe (air force)
Franco became a dictator
Very little involvement by Allies
Pablo Picasso’s Guerica depicts the Spanish Civil War

34. 1937 Japanese troops massacre civilians in Nanking, China
ACTION
REACTION
1931 – Japan took over Manchuria
1937 – War between China and Japan
“Rape of Nanking”
Japanese easily overpowered Chinese troops
US President Roosevelt proposed a “quarantine” (a blockade or boycott) of Japan

36. U.S. Foreign Policy in the 1930s
Isolationism
FDR was focused on New Deal and did not want to get involved in European affairs
Congress passed Neutrality Acts in 1935 and ‘36
Banned USA from providing weapons to nations at war.
Banned USA from loaning to nations at war.
Permitted policy of “Cash and Carry.”
“Cash and Carry”
Permitted trade with nations at war so long as it was in non-military goods and the nations paid cash and transported it themselves.

37. Lesson review
Which political party rose to power in Germany during the 1930s?  
A. the Communist Party
B. the Nazi Party
C. the Fascist Party
D. the Socialist Party

38. Lesson review
2. One of the factors that led to the rise of totalitarianism in Europe in the 1930s was
A. Harsh treatment in the Treaty of Versailles towards Germany
B. Economic growth worldwide
C. Unstable people who needed direction
D. The Great Depression
E. Both A and D

39. Review answers
1. Which political party rose to power in Germany during the 1930s?  
A. the Communist Party
B. the Nazi Party
C. the Fascist Party
D. the Socialist Party
2. One of the factors that led to the rise of totalitarianism in Europe in the 1930s was
A. Harsh treatment in the Treaty of Versailles towards Germany
B. Economic growth worldwide
C. Unstable people who needed direction
D. The Great Depression
E. Both A and D

40. Where does the U.S. stand?
German aggression will continue as Hitler seeks to build his Third Reich
The leaders of Great Britain, France will make a decision about Hitler’s aggression that pushes the world closer to war
The U.S. faced a dilemma between assisting their allies or remaining isolated from the problems of Europe

41. Exit ticket
Put yourself in the shoes of leaders of England and France in the 1930s. You see Hitler breaking the Treaty of Versailles and building an empire.
1. What do you do and why?
2. What are the possible consequences of your action(s)?

42. Rise of fascism in Nazi Germany and Italy
Major Causes of WWII
Treaty of Versailles
Rise of fascism in Nazi Germany and Italy
Rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party
Great Depression
Japanese expansionism
Anti-communism
Appeasement
Militarism
Nationalism
U.S. isolationism

43. 1938 German Anschluss with Austria
ACTION
REACTION
Hitler and Germany took over Austria, uniting German speaking peoples to increase Lebensraum for the Reich
Anschluss - “Political Union”
Britain and France did not respond nor did they challenge Hitler
Allies thought Hitler would stop after the Anschluss

44. “Anschluss”
1938, Hitler presses Austria for a political alliance, then occupies the country militarily

46. Appeasement Appeasement
Neville Chamberlain (BR), Eduard Daladier (FR) give in to Hitler’s demands
Chamberlain: “We have accomplished peace in our time”
Why?
Economies drained from Depression
Faith in League of Nations
Ability to fight another major war?

47. Meeting at Munich, 1938
A treaty was signed agreeing to Hitler’s capture of Sudentenland in exchange for his promise not to invade anymore territories.
Such an approach is known as appeasement, the practice of giving aggressors what they want and hoping they will be satisfied and stop the aggressive behavior.

49. Meeting at Munich, 1938 Leaders: Center: Adolf Hitler, Germany Left:
Neville Chamberlain,
Great Britain
Right:
Edouard Daladier, France

50. Countries Invaded By Germany, Pre-1939

51. 1939 Germany Invades Czechoslovakia
ACTION
REACTION
Munich Pact of 1938 allowed Hitler to control the Sudetenland, his “last territorial demand”
Britain believed they had “peace with honor”
Germany invaded and took over all of Czechoslovakia in 1939
Britain and France were appeasing Germany
After Germany took over Czechoslovakia, Britain and France promised to declare war if any further countries were taken over

52. Lesson checkpoint
Why was appeasement of Hitler a problem?

53. Who are the people in this cartoon?
What are they shaking hands over?
What else do you notice about them that could foreshadow what may happen in Europe in the future?

54. Section 3: 1939 and The Brink of War
Non-Aggression Pact
With Soviet Union
August, 1939
Plan to divide up Eastern Europe
Blitzkrieg
“Lightning War”
German Luftwaffe-strongest air force in 1939
Germany attacks Poland
Sept 1st, 1939
Poland, Britain, France declare war

56. 1939 Germany attacks Poland
ACTION
REACTION
German air and ground forces attack Poland on September 1, 1939
Blitzkrieg – Lightning War consumes Polish Army
Soviet Union invades from east
Poland fights back but taken over in one month
Britain and France declare war on Germany 2 days later, but send no troops

59. Invasion of France
May 1940
Advance across northern France to English Channel.
Splits British/Northern French and Southern French troops.
June 1940
Germany goes right through Maginot Line to get to the heart of France
Hitler captures Paris

62. 1940 Germany invades Low Countries and France
ACTION
REACTION
Germany goes around French defenses, through Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands
Germany invaded France from northeast
Mussolini declares war on France and Britain
France, Britain fight back
Some soldiers saved from complete destruction at Miracle of Dunkirk
Eventually 3/5 of country surrenders to Germany
Vichy France – puppet government run by Nazi sympathizers

65. 1940 Germany attacks Britain (Battle of Britain)
ACTION
REACTION
German air attacks on ships, ports, airfields, radar stations, industrial centers.
Then, British cities were bombed in blitz attacks by Luftwaffe
Britain fights back by shooting down German planes, bombing Berlin
“We shall not flag nor fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight on the seas and oceans… We shall never surrender.” Winston Churchill

67. The Alliance System in 1940 Axis Powers Germany Italy Japan
Allied Powers
Great Britain
France
Russia
Axis Powers
Germany
Italy
Japan
Ottoman Empire

68. Sct. 4: America gets closer to war
Moving Out of Isolationism
Event: German attack of Poland
-Shocked many Americans, though still none favored war with Germany
Congress weakens the Neutrality Acts
Event: Fall of France and blitz of England
Some Americans began supporting “all aid short of war” for Britain.
America First Committee
Dedicated to keeping USA isolationist.
800,000 members

69. America aids England Lend-Lease Churchill to FDR:
In FDR ran for a third term. Part of his plan called for more direct military aid for Britain…
Lend-Lease
Churchill to FDR:
“The moment approaches…when we will no longer be able to pay cash for supplies.”
FDR proposed the Lend-Lease Bill
Plan to provide war supplies to BR without any payment in return.
“If your neighbors house is on fire, you don’t sell him a hose. You lend it to him, and take it back when the fire’s out.”

70. Discussion Questions
Does our helping the Allied powers guarantee we will have to go to war eventually?
If we take on this policy do you think we will become a target for the Axis Powers?

71. Exit ticket
If you were an American in 1939, would you want to help out England and France in Europe and enter WWII? Why or why not?

72. 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
ACTION
Japan invaded Southeast Asia after China
US aided Japan’s enemies, including China, froze Japanese money in US banks, blocked export of oil to Japan
Japan bombed the naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7th, 1941
REACTION
United States declared war on Japan on Dec. 8, and officially entered WWII

74. December 8, 1941
President Roosevelt delivers a speech. He describes December 7, 1941 as:
“a day which will live in infamy!”
FDR asks Congress for a declaration of war
Both houses of Congress approved a declaration of war against Japan and later against Germany and Italy as well.
The U.S. has now officially entered World War II

75. December 8, 1941

76. The Alliance System in 1942 Axis Powers Great Britain Germany France
Allied Powers
Great Britain
France
Russia
United States
Axis Powers
Germany
Italy
Japan
Ottoman Empire

77. Before Pearl Harbor, would you have wanted to help out the Allies against Germany? Why or why not?