1. The Development of civilization

2. Civilization
Civilization-the most complex form of human social organization
Appeared in the last 6000 years, but humans have been around for 100,000 years!

3. Human Subsistence
All animals and humans need the following to survive:
Food, at least 1000 calories
Water, at least 2.5L per day
Temperature regulation
Nutrients
How has our method of getting these changed?

4. 1. Foraging Mobile-no housing Limited food storage
Lack of material culture
Lack of emphasis on social ranking
Lack of emphasis on possession
Lots of oral traditions in their histories

5. 2. Pastoralism Practice of herding animals to provide subsistence
Follow a complex seasonal cycle
Examples include the Samburu people of North Kenya who herd cattle
Pastoralists eat some meat, but rely more on the animals for secondary products
Have moderate food storage
Some material culture (decorations)
Some emphasis on social ranking and possessions

6. 3. Horticulture Moderate reliance on food storage
Strong emphasis on symbolic material culture
Strong emphasis on social ranking
Strong emphasis on possession because they take so much time investing in their land!

7. 4. Agriculture Total reliance on food storage
Very strong emphasis on symbolic material culture
Strong emphasis on social ranking
Strong emphasis on possession
Farming has been around for 10,000 years, but did not immediately lead to civilizations

8. Human Social Organization
Bands-small groups of foragers who travel long distances, no one really in power
Tribes-larger than bands and travel less, have chiefs that influence but are not very powerful
Chiefdoms-rely on horticulture, led by hereditary elites, power is mainly that of coercion and influence
States/civilizations-massive and strict division of the population into classes, largely sedentary, rely on agriculture

9. Characteristics of Civilizations
14 characteristics that most agree are indicators of civilizations
Every characteristic connects with other characteristics
Many of the characteristics were supported from the beginning of a surplus of food

10. 14 Characteristics Urbanization Long-distance trade
Social stratification
Record-keeping/writing
Standing armies and warfare
Money
Slavery
Territorial Sovereignty
Vassal tribute
Non-food production specialists
Astronomy/math
Monumental architecture
State religion
Taxes

11. Forgotten Ancient Civilizations
Aksum
Kush
Yam
The Xiongnu Empire
Greco-Bactria
Yuezhi
The Mitanni Kingdom
Tuwana
Mauryan Empire
Indo-Greeks
From

12. Homework Pick an ancient civilization.
Research what it was like. Why is it considered a civilization?
Relate it back to the 14 characteristics that are indicators of a civilization.
Write at least one sentence about each characteristic and your ancient civilization.
If your civilization does not have all 14 characteristics, expand on the ones that it does have.