1. Water Sector Overview Moving towards a Water Sensitive Society
Valerie Naidoo
Water Research Commission
NCPC / DTi Industrial Efficiency Conference
ICC Durban 2015
22nd July 2015

2. Drivers Population Growth Coverage (water, energy, food)
Industrialization /Development
Consumption of resources
Improved wealth
Deterioration of environment
Urbanization
Densification
To centralize or decentralize?
New solutions
Limitation on Natural resources
Water (quantity and quality)
Food
Energy
Changes to natural environment
Droughts
Floods
Shortages
Scarcity
Temperature changes

3. Urban Population (% and agglomerations by size class) – 2011 Highest Urbanizing countries in the world (7/10 are in Africa)
All the world stats point to Africa being in a rapid urbanization phase. Only a few countries in Africa can be considered to between 75 and 100% urbanized, A few are moving to the next stage of > 50% urbanized. But majority of African countries are considered to be emerging cities or as some have referred to them as cities : that are growing up.
United Nations (Dept of Economic and Social Affairs) : World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision

4. Climate Change is being taken seriously in SA unlike ………
POLICY
IMPLEMENTATION
Predictions : Drier western half of the country and wetter more variable weather in the eastern half
15-Nov-18
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6. Water In SA
Current context
15-Nov-18

7. Legislative Environment
Legislation
Principles
Water Act
Common resource to all
No ownership but right to use
Unity of water cycle and interdependence of its elements
Water Services Act
Mandated to Local Government
Achieve equitable access for all
Achieve sustainable use (ie some for all, forever)
Achieve efficient and effective use (i.e. optimum social and economic benefits)
Priority to basic human needs and ecological sustainability (ecological reserve)
Water is viewed first as a common good
Water is also viewed as an economic good
Broad spectrum of actors in water management: DWS ; Waterboards; Local government (WSI), CMA’s

8. Mean Annual Precipitation (460 – 495 mm)
Physical Environment
Mean Annual Precipitation (460 – 495 mm)
Rainfall distribution – decreases from east to west. Concentration along the coastal areas and escarpment i.e. suggest orographic/relief/mountain influence. 60% of the land-surface area is semi-arid to arid with a highly variable rainfall.

9. RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION

10. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION RAINFALL

11. EVAPORATION RATES mm/annum

12. Management Environment: Dams and Interbasin Transfers
DWA, 2004
South Africa has 794 large dams which can store up to 32 billion m3/annum

13. Energy Intensive System Models

14. Planning Environment :Water Quantity
WR2005 = Mm3 (surface water)
98% allocated (77%)
Groundwater = Mm3
(or Mm3 under drought conditions) (9%)
Indirect Reuse = 30 to 60% return flows (14%)
Slight decline in the assessment figures. Why? Daily observations have improved, number of records increased, computing ability enhanced, etc.
WR2012

15. Water Use in SA
DWS Water Sector Overview Report, 2013

16. Planning Environment : Supply vs Demand

17. So what do we know!
Based on rising population, economic growth projections, scarcity of resources as well as current use and efficiency levels, South Africa will demand 17 percent more water than exists by 2030.
The net deficit between supply and demand could grow to between 2.7—3.8 billion m3
Summary of water quality issues by geographical area in South Africa (Source: CSIR 2010)
2018/11/15

18. Global Risk Assessment (WEF)…..900 leaders
10th global risk assesment leaders – trends business is just not business – you are connected

19. Water Supply Settlements
The Mix (Supply Side)
Water Supply Settlements
Surface
Groundwater
Stormwater
Rainwater
Wastewater
Ecological Reserve
Minewater
Transfers
Seawater
Aquifer recharge
greywater
15-Nov-18
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20. Cost vs Value of Water

21. Urban water management transition states (Brown et al
Urban water management transition states (Brown et al., 2009) (Developed World)
Socio-political

22. Socio-political and economic reality
Framework for Water Sensitive Settlements in RSA, “Two histories, one future” (Developing World)
Socio-political and economic reality
Armitage et al, 2014 – adapted from Brown

23. City/village/town/settlement
Research
Models
Trans-disciplinary approach
Level of Certainty
Scenarios
Technologies
Demonstrations
Impact analysis
The water balance
City/village/town/settlement
Surface water
Rainwater
Stormwater
Groundwater
Brackish water
Sea water
Wastewater
Greywater
Mine water
Reduced island heat effect
Ecological infrastructure
Storage
Fit for purpose
streamflows
Built infrastructure
Source and yield
Technologies
Setting correct water quality objectives

24. Sustainable Urban Drainage in Cities

25. Sustainable Urban Drainage in Cities

26. Sustainable Urban Drainage in Cities

27. Sustainable Urban Drainage in Cities

28. 9 South African Cities End use modelling
Data - Property and HH data ; Local area specific climate date
Looked at RWH, GWH, WED, on site leakage reduction ; Water demand variations
% water savings of 50% - with combinations
15-Nov-18
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29. integration (from WRC Project ; K5/2071)
While we are moving to this optimum centre of a water sensitive settlement/city we will also need to through research and adaptation of current knowledge prepare ourselves to deal with new water resources, the blue-green infrastructure and maximizing value of all resources by continuously adapting to change and building resilient institutions and communities in the process. This requires a trans-disciplinary approach. I am now going to share with you some example of research and research products that are aimed at filling these gaps.
15-Nov-18
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(from WRC Project ; K5/2071)

30. A Water Wise Society – “enlightened”
The Water Sector 2025 – Institutional Landscape – WRC TT514-11

31. With any crisis comes opportunities for innovation and change.

32. Thank
You