2. Why the Industrial Revolution Started in Great Britain
1760 AD – 1840 AD in England
1800s-1900s in France and Germany
1840s -1920s in United States

3. That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte
Industrial England:
"Workshop
of the World"
That Nation of Shopkeepers! Napoleon Bonaparte

4. How did the world go from this?

5. To This ?

7. SO WHY ENGLAND?

8. Agricultural Revolution
REASON # 1
Agricultural Revolution
15th and 18th
Century Farming
- 1st Picture: Peasants ranking and cutting hay in the 15th Century
2nd Picture: Farming Methods in Early 18th Century
Very little change
Common land still unenclosed and outside the village in the 18th century
Economy of Europe was agrarian
Used the three-field system: 1/3 of the land left idle to restore fertility

9. Agricultural Revolution
More FOOD was available.
Food production increased over 60% during the 1700s; twice the rate between the 1500s and 1700s.
Introduction of new crops, Columbian Exchange, from the New World.
English farmers began to raise potatoes which proved cheap and nourishing.
Other new crops indirectly benefitted humans as they improved animal feed: corn, buckwheat, carrots and cabbage.
This new animal feed produced larger quantities of better tasting meat and milk.

10. Charles Townshend-Crop Rotation
Charles 'Turnip' Townshend
He popularised new techniques and proved that they were more profitable.
He introduced the Norfolk Four-Course Crop Rotation (wheat, turnips, barley, clover) to Britain.
Turnips were used as a cleansing crop to allow the land to be hoed to kill the weeds, and clover was grown to replace the nutrients in the soil that the crops had depleted.
This rotation prevented land from lying fallow and both turnips and clover were fodder crops, which could be fed to animals to allow more of them to survive cold winters.
Used a method called marling, which mixed rich subsoil with a poorer sandy soil to produce better quality crops and increasingly more profit.
Gave his tenant farmers longer leases to encourage them to invest more money to experiment with new ideas and improving their land.

12. Planting Crops Before The Seed Drill

13. 1900s
The First Seed Drill

14. Additional Machines Horse-drawn cultivator – Jethro Tull
Cast-iron plow (1797) – American Charles Newbold
Reaper – Englishman Joseph Boyce (1799) and American Cyrus McCormic (1834)
Self-cleaning steel plow – John Deere(1837)
Thresher – separated grain from stalk
Harvester – cut and bind grain
Combine - cut, thresh, and sack grain
Tractor – pulled equipment through the field
Corn planter
Potato digger
Electric milker
Cotton picker

15. Selective Breeding?
Some farmers such as Robert Bakewell and the Culley brothers
This meant only allowing the fittest and strongest of their
cattle, sheep, pigs and horses to mate.
You can tell how successful they were:
In 1710 the average weight for cattle was
168 Kg by it was 363 Kg
Find pictures of the animals they bred – do they look healthy by today’s standards, what does it tell us about how they thought of their achievements that they had portraits painted.

16. Enclosure Movement
By the late eighteenth century enclosures were becoming very common in Great Britain.
Enclosure simply meant joining the strips of the open fields to make larger compact units of land.
These units were then fenced or hedged off from the next person’s land.
This meant that a farmer had his land together in one farm rather than in scattered strips.
The farmer now had a greater amount of independence.
This was not a new idea
Enclosures had been around since Tudor times, but increased dramatically in the 1700s because they made it easier for farmers to try out new ideas.

17. OPEN FIELD SYSTEM---Old System
All villagers worked together
All the land was shared out
Everyone helped each other
Everyone had land to grow food
For centuries enough food had been grown
ADVANTAGES

18. OPEN FIELD SYSTEM---Old System
Strips in different fields
Fallow land
Waste of time
Waste of land
Common land
DISADVANTAGES

19. The Enclosure Movement

20. “Enclosed” Lands Today

21. Effects
The number of farmers, in proportion to total population, decreased sharply
Many farmers moved to the cities
The population of cities increased rapidly
Farmers found their work less difficult because machines performed the back breaking labor
Farming changed from a self-sufficient way of life to big business
Agricultural production increased
Cost of foodstuffs dropped
Increased production of food resulted in part, in a rapid growth of population
Large farms, using machines and scientific methods, began to dominate agriculture
Number of small farms began to decline

22. REASON 2
WEALTH
Aristocracy and middle class had grown wealthy from overseas trading and large-scale farming.
Now wealth individuals had capital, or money, to invest in new industries.
Parliament encouraged investments in new businesses by passing laws to help growing businesses.

23. Banking and Capital
Britain had a ready supply of capital for investment
Britain excelled at banking
Had flexible credit facilities because they used paper money for transactions
Parliament was controlled by the land owning aristocrats. They created very business friendly laws for increasing their wealth

24. Effects
This provides the money needed to start the new factories, to invest in the new machinery and to encourage new inventions.

25. Reason # 3 Geography
A country with many rivers and streams…so water power can be harnessed.

26. Natural Resources/Geography
Rich in natural resources
Large number of harbors and rivers that could be used year-round for shipping
Water also could be used as a power source
Huge supplies of iron and coal---raw materials for the building of machines and fueling the new machines
The damp climate was good for textile production, because it helped to keep the fibers in the material soft and easy to work with.
Separated from the continent, Britain was able to remain apart from the wars plaguing Europe during the 1600 and 1700s and thus conserve their resources.

27. The key to development was the abundance of natural resources
What natural resources would be needed to create the power for the new machines and what resource would be necessary for building the new machinery?

29. Natural Resources/Geography
England substituted coal for charcoal in the manufacturing of iron because by the 1700s, most of the forests were gone.
In 1708, the Darby family of Coalbrookdale started smelting iron using coke that was processed from coal. It made the highest quality of iron.
Since England had a large supply of coal, it was able to dominate the iron industry.

30. Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914
1 ton of coal
50, 000 miners
1850
30 tons
200, 000 miners
1880
300 million tons
500, 000 miners
1914
250 million tons
1, 200, 000 miners

31. British Pig Iron Production

32. England’s Natural and Manmade Rivers
England’s natural river system provided a basis for transportation of heavy items.
Canals were used to link river systems and create a waterway network to move resources and goods.

33. A large population created 2 key things
Reason # 4 - Population
A large population created 2 key things
An available workforce for the new factories
An increased demand for food and consumer goods / services

34. Large Labor Supply
Growing population of workers due to the improvements in farming---more food available leads to better diet and longer life expectancy
less than 7 million, million
Rapid population growth increased demand for goods
Displaced farmers due to the enclosure movement took over jobs in factories and mining
Birth rates rose in the 1700s, while death rates dropped.
In 1700 in London, there was a half-million more deaths than births.
By 1800 in London, the deaths only outnumbered births by 20,000.

35. Large Labor Supply
The death rate dropped because more babies were surviving childbirth due to the better training of midwives and formation of maternity hospitals.
Both children and adults were dying less from disease.
The major health epidemics like the Bubonic Plague had vanished in Britain after 1660 and the Great Fire of London.
Other major diseases followed a similar pattern like Syphilis which stopped being an epidemic in the 1700s.
Inoculations started in 1760 with Jenner’s Smallpox vaccine.
Other reasons for the reduction of the epidemics are unknown.

36. (tentative estimates in millions - much of it guesswork)
Population
(tentative estimates in millions - much of it guesswork) *
1750/1
1800/1
1850/1
1990
Great Britain
7.4
10.5
20.8
57.1
France 21
27.3
35.8
56.1
Germany |
34.0
79.0
|-[Germ+Aust] 18 23
Austria |
17.5
7.6
Hungary
3.5
5.0
13.2
Belgium
2.2
3.1
4.3
9.9
Italy
16.0
19.0
24.4
57.6
Netherlands
1.6
2.1
14.9
Portugal
2.3
2.9
Russia 28
40.0
68.5
146.4
Spain
8.2
15.0
39.6
Sweden
1.8
8.4
EUROPE (approx)
132.0
190.0
260.0
775.0

37. Reason # 4 - Urbanization
Most people moved to the cities instead of living in rural areas.
This was only seen in Britain and Germany.
By the mid 1800s, 70% to 80% of Britain’s population lived in urban areas.

38. Society During the Industrial Revolution
Urbanization-The movement of people from the country to the city.
Social Classes during the Industrial Revolution
Upper class elite, 5% (owned most of the country’s wealth)
Middle classes, 15% (women worked at home raising kids)
Lower classes, 80% (lived mostly in tenement housing-tightly packed apartment like housing)

42. Openness to New Ideas
Ambitious upper and middle class people willing to invest in new inventions and industries---ENTREPRENEURS
British people were interested in science and technology due to the Scientific Revolution
Not afraid to take risks to make a profit
Most of the early inventors were British or Scottish
a)John Kay---flying shuttle
b)James Hargreaves---spinning jenny
c)Richard Arkwright---waterframe
d)Samuel Crompton---spinning mule
e)Edmund Cartwright---power loom
(all of these led to the development of textile factories)
f)James Watt---steam engine
g)Henry Bessemer---inexpensive way to make steel
h)Thomas Telford & John McAdam---paving roads
i)Richard Trevithick---steam locomotive

43. The first inventions are in the textile industry
The first inventions are in the textile industry. With the increased population, the demand for cloth was great.

44. Openness to New Ideas: Inventions
Steam Engine-
Provided a new source of power in factories.
Eventually redesigned by James Watt
Led to all factories being run by steam and not water.
The location of factories was now unlimited

45. Reason # 6 - Transportation

46. Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure
Early Canals
Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

47. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

49. Openness to New Ideas: Inventions
Steam Locomotive
Started in 1820’s to improve transportation
Led to a boom in railroads-which helped business and increased jobs
Eventually was a major cause for westward expansion in the Canada
Why is the development of the Railroad so important to history?

51. Importance of Railroads
Most important thing about railroads is that they provided a faster and cheaper means of transportation
Reduced the price of goods
Which increased sales
Which created more factories and machines
And the process started over again

52. Reason # 7 – Political Stability
Great Britain is an island nation with a relatively stable constitutional monarchy.
Reason # 7 – Political Stability

53. Political Stability/Government
Britain fought many wars during the 1700s, but never on British soil.
So they never had to rebuild farms or towns due to war damages.
British citizens did not have to worry about the threat of war destroying their property and had more time to consider ways to improve the quality of their lives.
The British government favored economic growth by passing laws that encouraged investment in new inventions and industries.
There were no internal trade barriers within Britain unlike most European countries.

54. Government: Parliament
Parliament helped by providing a favorable business climate
Provided a stable government
Passed laws to protect private property
Very few restrictions on private enterprises

55. Reason # 8 - Demand
An increased population lead to increased demand for consumer goods
Great Britain had colonies which also provided them with markets for their manufactured goods

56. England’s Resources: Colonies and Markets
Wealth from the Commercial Revolution spread beyond the merchant class
England had more colonies than any other nation
Its colonies gave England access to enormous markets and vast amounts of raw materials
Colonies had rich textile industries for centuries
Many of the natural cloths popular today, such as calico and gingham, were originally created in India
China had a silk industry

57. Britain’s Colonial Empire By End of 1800s

58. Colonial Markets
Had a large supply of markets for their manufactured goods
Included Europe, the Americas, Africa & the East
Efficient merchant marine system to transport goods anywhere in the world

60. The Industrial Revolution
Benefits of Industrialization
Better clothes, better heat, better food
Increased goods
More jobs
More opportunities

61. Advantages of Industrializing First
Growth of early British factories was impressive.
As early as 1820, only 30% of the British labor remained in agriculture, while 80 to 100% of the continental labor was still devoted to agriculture.
Britain was able to specialize in industry and import agricultural products from the continental Europe.
Due to the effects of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, the Industrial Revolution was delayed in continental Europe. It would not arrive until 1830.
The French only began industrializing in the period 1830 – 1871, and only with a focus on luxury items and small-scale manufacturing.
German industrialization happened even later in the 1870s and 1880s after the German unification process.

62. The Industrial Revolution
Economic Effects
Social Effects
New inventions and development of factories
Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s
Increased production and higher demand for raw materials
Growth of worldwide trade
Population explosion and a large labor force
Exploitation of mineral resources
Highly developed banking and investment system
Advances in transportation, agriculture, and communication
Long hours worked by children in factories
Increase in population of cities
Poor city planning
Loss of family stability
Expansion of middle class
Harsh conditions for laborers
Workers’ progress vs. laissez-faire economic attitudes
Improved standard of living
Creation of new jobs
Encouragement of technological progress
Political Effects
Child labor laws to end abuses
Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth (i.e. Karl Marx)
Trade unions
Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism, and Marxism
Reform bills in Parliament