1. Power Struggles After Mao
But First

2. OPVL
Paper 1 Practice

3. Introduction 1976, Mao dead Similar problems of economic stagnation
In charge of China since 1949
Similar problems of economic stagnation
Will be able to achieve growth without losing one-party rule

4. Mao Closest political ally Zhou Enlai
Had consolidated the power of the CCP
Attempted to assert his independence of the USSR
Various political and economic actions
Five-year plan
Hundred Flowers
Anti-Rightist
Great Leap Forward
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

5. Great Leap Forward
Jan. 1958, attempt to modernize agriculture and industry
Grouped in communes
Initial successes, but things go wrong, famine
Three Bitter Years
Some criticized Mao, led to loss of influence
Liu Shaoqi took over as president
Allowed private plots, bonuses, recovery

6. Socialist Education and Rightist Deviations
Mao concerned about creeping capitalism
Corrected Rightist deviation with new movement, rallies, meetings
May 1963, First Ten Points, set down socialist objectives
New versions by Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi, less firm
Mao supported by Lin Biao, minister of defense, used PLA to publish Quotations

7. Intellectuals and Revolutionary Successors
1964, sent intellectuals away to learn from peasants
Wanted education combined with productive labor
Further concerns about capitalists
1965, Twenty-three Articles
Start of Cultural Revolution
Liuists versus Maoists divided

8. Cultural Revolution
1966, seeking to eliminate capitalism and restore power
Relied on PLA and youth
Became violent, 400,000 died
Called for Four Olds to be destroyed
Ideas, culture, customs, habits
Liu Shaoqi dismissed, Deng Xiaoping sent down to the countryside
Red Guards fought with one another, Mao calls in PLA
Production had been distracted, declined
Mao did gain power

9. Power Struggle Divisions growing
Liu had issued strong warnings about US in Vietnam
Had wanted to revive Soviet alliance
Lin Biao attacked Soviet and US imperialism
Mao and Zhou saw USSR as main threat
Lin and Mao vying for party control
1970, attached Zhou’s foreign and domestic policies

10. 571 Affair Lin Biao with doubts about Mao’s direction
Minister of defense
Mao tried to remove supporters around him, ordered his troops away
1970, Mao announces Nixon can visit
1971, Lin vanished from public view
Purge of military and civilian admin.

11. Rightists Versus Leftists
Liuists and Maoists still divided
1973, Zhou Enlai helps Deng return to Beijing
Mao’s health deteriorating
Several rightists being restored
Led by Zhao and Deng
Leftists led by Jiang Qing, three radical party members
Gang of Four
1973, rightists victories in elections

12. Gang of Four Jiang had headed GPCR Yao Wenyuan, chief propagandist
Wang Hongwen, trade union leader
Zhang Chunqiao, deputy sec. of Shanghai’s Mun. Comm.
All favored more revolutionary approach
Power base with cultural or media organizations
Little support from military or in party

13. Turn to the US 1972, Nixon visit
Resulted in Shanghai Communique, normalization of Sino-American relations
Rightists wanted to build wealthy China
Leftists wanted to revolutionary line

14. Four Modernizations Economic plan between 1974-76 Favored by Rightists
Deng and Zhou working together
Modernizations of agriculture, industry, science, technology defense
Jiang continued demands of CR
Mao dying, giving influence to nephew Mao Yuanxin
Gave Gang of Four an advantage

15. Power Struggle 1976-81 1976, Zhou and Mao both die
Gang of Four still around
Leftists versus Rightists
Deng versus Jiang
Those in the middle, centrist group led by Hua Guofeng
No serious objections to him ascending after Mao’s death

16. Qingming Festival, 1976 April 1976, followed Zhou’s death in January
Paid respects to ancestors
Gang cut it short
Support for him was also critical of Mao and the Gang
Hua asks Mao what to do, uses force
Accusations against Deng, removed from power

17. Mao’s Death September 9, 1976 Hua and Jiang attack one another
Jiang tried to make it look life she was Mao’s choice successor
Hua and Jiang attack one another
Gang tries a coup in October
Military informs Hua, fails

18. Defeat of the Gang of Four
Hua works with Deng to arrest Gang
Called emergency meeting of Politburo
Zhang and Wang arrested there
Yao and Jiang caught later
Portrayed as power hungry
Mao untarnished
Tried in 1980 for offenses of CR, Jiang said she only acted under Mao’s orders
All given life sentences, Yao 20 years

19. Rise of Deng Xiaoping Politburo gives Hua three tasks
Replace Mao
Rehabilitate Deng
Modernize
Deng quickly re-admittted to Politburo, Central Committee, State Council, Military Commission, Chief of Staff of PLA
Deng put in charge of Four Modernizations
Hua announced end of CR

20. Hua and Whateversists
Uphold whatever Mao’s policies were and follow whatever his directions were
But many wanted to move on from him
Hua’s power being reduced by Deng
Challenge whatever approach
Criticized Lin Biao and Gang
Hua resigns as premier in 1980, replaced by Deng’s man, Zhao Ziyang
April 1981, Deng’s supporter Hu Yaobang, became GS of CCP
1981, Hua resigns from all other posts
End of Mao era
Now modernization