1. The Digestive System
Ch. 14

2. Functions: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
       *absorption of nutrients
Consists of alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, sm. intestine, large intestine, anal canal) and accessory organs

3. Layers of the Canal Lining
1.  Mucosa - protects tissues and carries absorption
2.  Submucosa - glands, blood vessels, nerves
3.  Muscular Layer - smooth muscle tissue, circular & longitudinal fibers, pushes food  (PERISTALSIS)
4.  Serosa (serous layer) - visceral perioneum, outer covering of the tube, lubricates surfaces (serous fluid)

5. Wall of the Alimentary Canal

6. Mixing Movements
Contractions mix food with digestive juices
Peristalsis - pushes food down the tube

7. Anatomy of the Mouth

8. Anatomy of a Tooth Enamel – the outer layer of the tooth.
Cementum - the bonelike tissue that forms the outer surface of the root of the tooth. Attaches the teeth to the bone.
Dentin – calcareous tissue that is denser then bone

9. Cuspid (canine) – one point, Tearing
Teeth (32)
Incisors - cutting
Cuspid (canine) – one point, Tearing
Bicuspids – two points, tearing
Molars - grinding
Incisors - a narrow-edged tooth at the front of the mouth, adapted for cutting. In humans there are four incisors in each jaw.
Cuspid – Having only one point. Function = holding food for tearing
Bicuspid – Having two points.
Molars – For grinding

11. Tooth Decay

13. ROOT CANAL

14. Submandibular - below jaw Sublingual - under tongue
Salivary Glands
Parotid - ear, cheek
Submandibular - below jaw
Sublingual - under tongue
Serous cells produce amylase – splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides Mucous cells produce mucus – lubrication during swallowing
1. Parotid Glands produces only serous fluided 2. Submandibular Glands produces a mixture of mucus and serous fluid 3. Sublingual Glands produces a mixture of mucus and serous fluid

15. Pharynx (throat) nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
Pharynx = The pharynx permits the passage of swallowed solids and liquids into the esophagus, or gullet, and conducts air to and from the trachea, or windpipe, during respiration
Nasopharynx = behind the nose
Oropharynx = behind the mouth
Laryngopharynx = behind the larynx
Epiglottis =  but during swallowing, elevation of the hyoid bone draws the larynx upward; as a result, the epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position, with its superior side functioning as part of the pharynx.
Larynx = The larynx houses the vocal folds (vocal cords), which are essential for phonation. The vocal folds are situated just below where the tract of the pharynx splits into the trachea and the esophagus.
Esophagus =takes food to the stomach

16. Esophagus esophageal hiatus is where it penetrates the diaphragm
cardiac sphincter at entrance to stomach

17. STOMACH MUSCLES:   Longitudinal, Circular, Oblique

18. Stomach Regions Cardiac sphincter Fundus Body Pyloric sphincter
3 sets of stomach muscles: longitudinal, oblique, circular | Greater and Lesser Curvature
Four main parts of the stomach
1. Cardiac (esophageal opening, cardiac sphincter)
2. Fundic (temporary storage area, lies slightly above the cardiac region)
3. Body (central area of the stomach)
4. Pyloric (pyloric sphincter, controls emptying of the stomach into the sm. Intestine)
Lining of the stomach is a mucous membrane – with small openings called gastric pits, containing gastric glands
-Gastric Juice - pepsin / intrinsic factor -Chyme – paste of food molecules after its been broken down by the movement of stomach and gastric juices, it is released from the pyloric sphincter valve into the first portion of the small intestine – duodenum -Rugae – folds within the stomach, increase surface area

19. Stomach Lining
Gastric Juices contain acids that break down food  - secreted by gastric glands
PEPSIN  - most important digestive enzyme for breaking down food
Mucus prevents stomach from digesting itself

20. Chyme - paste, after food has been broken down, released then into the duodenum via the pyloric sphincter valve
Rugae - folds within stomach
Gastric Pits contain glands to make juices

21. Membrane holds it together, contains blood vessels
Small Intestine
Starts at the pyloric sphincter
1.  Duodenum
2.  Jejunum
3.  Ileum
*Mesentery 
Membrane holds it together,  contains blood vessels

22. Accessory Organs Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Appendix
The function of the appendix is unknown. One theory is that the appendix acts as a storehouse for good bacteria, “rebooting” the digestive system after diarrheal illnesses. Other experts believe the appendix is just a useless remnant from our evolutionary past. Surgical removal of the appendix causes no observable health problems.
Bile produced by the gallbladder to the liver is secreted into the small intestine for processing of fats

23. The main function of the small intestine is to secrete chemicals that break down food and carry the nutrients away in the blood stream.  In one word:
ABSORPTION

24. Greater Omentum
a  "curtain-like" membrane that covers the intestines, stores fat and lays like a drape

25. Greater Omentum

26. Intestinal villi - increase surface area to absorb nutrients, connect to vessels

27. Large Intestine Cecum Appendix Colon (4 parts)
Cecum 
Appendix
Colon (4 parts)
    Cecum     Ascending     Transverse      Descending      Sigmoid
Rectum
Anus

28. Function of Large Intestine
Secretes mucus,  reabsorbs water, contains bacteria to aid in digestion  (intestinal flora)
Mass Movements (defecation) - removes undigested food
The main job is 
WATER REABSORPTION...

30. Types 1–2 indicate constipation, with 3 and 4 being the ideal stools (especially the latter), as they are easy to defecate while not containing any excess liquid, and 5, 6 and 7 tending towards diarrhoea.
Source: wiki

31. stomach
transverse colon
ascending colon
descending colon
cecum
appendix
sigmoid colon
rectum

32. Disorders of the Digestive System
GERD
Gastroesophageal reflux disease

33. Dysentery or Diarrhea

34. Crampy abdominal pain
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
Pain with passing stool (tenesmus); bloody stool
Persistent, watery diarrhea
Weight loss
Constipation

35. IBS - Irritable Bowel Syndrome
The muscles in the bowel wall may contract too forcefully or too weakly, too slowly or rapidly at certain times.

36. STOMACH ULCERS

37. Lactose Intolerance 
Inability to digest milk, can cause stomach upset

38. Hernia
intestines poke through abdominal muscles

39. When people with celiac disease eat foods or use products containing gluten, their immune system responds by damaging or destroying villi
Without healthy villi, a person becomes malnourished, no matter how much food one eats.

40. Gastric Bypass Surgery

41. Colon Cancer Colonoscopy is a screening technique to detect cancer.
See Katie Couric's Colonoscopy

42. LABEL THIS!