1. Agenda 9/8 and 9/11 Fermentation Notes Fermentation Clothes Pin Lab
Turn in: WB, Video notes
Homework: WB Section #63, Cellular respiration video and notes

2. Without Oxygen… Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP
Without O2, the electron transport chain will cease to operate
In that case, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP
Emphasize that last bullet! Students think only in terms of “oxygen-based” respiration. They may not even be aware that respiration is possible anaerobically!

3. Types of Fermentation
Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis
Two types
alcohol fermentation
lactic acid fermentation
Emphasize to student that there are many, many types of alcohols and not all are safe for human consumption!

4. Alcoholic Fermentation
In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two step
CO2 is released
Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking
We are indeed referring to ethanol when we say “alcohol fermentation”.

5. Lactic Acid Fermentation
In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2
Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used to make cheese and yogurt
Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce

6. When would lactic acid fermentation occur in humans?

7.   2 ADP  2 P i 2 ATP Glucose Glycolysis 2 NAD 2 NADH  2 H
Figure 9.17b
2 ADP  2 P i
2 ATP
Glucose
Glycolysis
2 NAD 
2 NADH 
2 H 
2 Pyruvate
Figure 9.17 Fermentation.
2 Lactate
(b) Lactic acid fermentation

8. Fermentation compared to Anaerobic & Aerobic Respiration
All use glycolysis (net ATP = 2) to oxidize glucose and harvest chemical energy of food
Aerobic respiration produces 32 ATP per glucose molecule; anaerobic respiration produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule

9. Ethanol, lactate, or other products
Figure 9.18
Glucose
Glycolysis
CYTOSOL
Pyruvate
No O2 present: Fermentation
O2 present: Aerobic cellular respiration
MITOCHONDRION
Ethanol, lactate, or other products
Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate as a key juncture in catabolism.
Citric acid cycle

10. Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis
Ancient prokaryotes are thought to have used glycolysis long before there was oxygen in the atmosphere
Very little O2 was available in the atmosphere until about 2.7 billion years ago, so early prokaryotes likely used only glycolysis to generate ATP
Glycolysis is a very ancient process
Never pass up an opportunity to connect a unit back to evolution!

11. But I eat more than sugar..
Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration
Glycolysis accepts a wide range of carbohydrates
Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle
Emphasize the literal meaning of “carbohydrate”, carbon-waters which have a generic formula of CH2O. Multiply that by 6 and you have glucose! Add bunches of those together through bunches of dehydration synthesis reactions and you have a starch.

12. Oxidative phosphorylation
Figure 9.19
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats
Amino acids
Sugars
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Glycolysis
Glucose
Glyceraldehyde 3- P
NH3
Pyruvate
Acetyl CoA
Figure 9.19 The catabolism of various molecules from food.
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

13. Regulation of Respiration
Rates of cellular respiration and fermentation can be controlled by a living system.
If ATP concentration begins to drop, respiration speeds up; when there is plenty of ATP, respiration slows down
Emphasize one last time that METABOLISM is the sum of CATABOLISM (breaking down or deconstructing) + ANABOLISM (synthesizing or building up)