1. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Police Technology Police Technology Chapter Ten Police Technology The Internet and Law Enforcement Law EnforcementLaw Enforcement

2. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Learning Objectives Understand the Historical Development of the Internet, Understand the Historical Development of the Internet, Increased navigation skills, Increased navigation skills, Explore how law enforcement has used the Internet, Explore how law enforcement has used the Internet,law enforcementlaw enforcement Understand how the Internet might increase efficiency and effectiveness, Understand how the Internet might increase efficiency and effectiveness, View the Internet as an enhancer of community orientated policing. View the Internet as an enhancer of community orientated policing.

3. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster The History of the Internet Lickliders Galactic Network Lickliders Galactic Network Department of Defense Department of Defense Advanced Project Research Agency Advanced Project Research Agency APRANet APRANet The First Two Computers hooked it The First Two Computers hooked it 1972 Computer Communications Conference 1972 Computer Communications Conference

4. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Open Architecture No one big network; rather a collection of small networks. No one big network; rather a collection of small networks. Each Network has its own design Each Network has its own design Relies on Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Relies on Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Error checking standards Error checking standards Access points control flow, do not record data Access points control flow, do not record data

5. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Bigger and Bigger Early use was primarily academic Early use was primarily academic In 1987, Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) was adopted to TCP/IP In 1987, Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) was adopted to TCP/IP In essence the Internet is a system of protocols that allow different networks to connect. In essence the Internet is a system of protocols that allow different networks to connect.

6. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster The World Wide Web The Internet is the system of protocols that allow different networks to connect. The World Wide Web (WWW) consists of Web pages that are connected together via Hyperlinks. The Internet is the system of protocols that allow different networks to connect. The World Wide Web (WWW) consists of Web pages that are connected together via Hyperlinks. Hyperlinks may take you to pages on the same website, or to a website halfway around the world Hyperlinks may take you to pages on the same website, or to a website halfway around the world

7. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Navigating the Web A website is a cyber-location created by people to exchange information – websites may consist of a single page, or hundreds of pages. The first page is referred to as the homepage or index page The physical site (the hardware) storing the webpage is called the Point of Presence and the entity providing the Point of Presence is the Internet Service Provider (ISP).

8. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Navigating the Web People (users) navigate the web using a GUI software tool called a Browser.

9. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Websites have an address called a domain name. Websites have an address called a domain name. www.police-technology.net the companion website for the book Police Technology. www.police-technology.net the companion website for the book Police Technology. www.police-technology.netPolice Technology www.police-technology.netPolice Technology The domain name is a series of numbers called an Internet Protocol (IP) address: The domain name is a series of numbers called an Internet Protocol (IP) address: www.hitechcj.com is 209.35.187.202 www.hitechcj.com is 209.35.187.202 www.hitechcj.com Numbers would be difficult to recall, so software called Uniform Resource Locator (URL) translates the number to names we remember Numbers would be difficult to recall, so software called Uniform Resource Locator (URL) translates the number to names we remember Navigating the Web

10. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Navigating the Web URL Hot Tip: The Domain Name is the plain language we use to find sites – IP Address is the computer version they use to find each other!

11. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Navigating the Web Domain names have different parts – Domain names have different parts – WWW = world wide web WWW = world wide web Police-technology = is the name Police-technology = is the name.net is the extension.net is the extension Domain names have extensions that generally describe the entity that manages the website:.com or commercial.net or Network.edu or educational.mil or military.gov or government.org or different organizations often non- profit

12. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Navigating the Web The most common website programming language is Hypertext Markup Language or HTML Websites often use short programs called scripts that make your website interactive

13. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Navigating the Web Search engines, like Google constantly search and classify the WebPages on the Internet. Once search engines classify the information we are able to search it

14. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Navigating the Web (Search Engine Basics) Search engines search, retrieve and classify information. Search engines use software programs called spiders to crawl the web. Spiders bring the information back to the search engine where it is classified.

15. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Navigating the Web Boolean logic is Typically used by end users to search the to search the information as it has been classified by the search engine. Boolean operators – And Or Not Followed by Near quotation marks

16. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Web Terms Webmaster – the person who creates and/or maintains the website. Webmaster – the person who creates and/or maintains the website. Cookies – information gathered by a website about a user – often used to record site settings Cookies – information gathered by a website about a user – often used to record site settings Spam – Unsolicited commercial email. Spam – Unsolicited commercial email.

17. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Web Terms Hyperlink – Words, information or symbols that contains coding that jumps the user to a new webpage when the hyperlink is click Hyperlink – Words, information or symbols that contains coding that jumps the user to a new webpage when the hyperlink is click FAQs – Frequently Asked Questions FAQs – Frequently Asked Questions

18. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Email and Instant Messaging Email is transmitting an electronic file from one user to another. Like regular mail, it can be sent and opened at the users convenience. Instant Messaging (IM) or Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is the real-time transmission of electronic files (conversations) over the Internet

19. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Email and Instant Messaging Generally, email or IM transmitted to or from an employers computer is subject to unrestricted: Generally, email or IM transmitted to or from an employers computer is subject to unrestricted: Interception Interception Monitoring Monitoring Auditing Auditing

20. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Listserv A listserv is a program that automatically redistributes email messages to users to have registered to the service. Crimeweb.net is a sophisticated Listserv used by many law enforcement organizations

21. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Law EnforcementLaw Enforcement on the Net Law Enforcement E-government is following e-commerce. E-government is following e-commerce. Most law enforcement websites are static or one-way systems of communication. Most law enforcement websites are static or one-way systems of communication.law enforcementlaw enforcement Law enforcement use of the Internet as a means of communicating and conducting investigations is increasing. Law enforcement use of the Internet as a means of communicating and conducting investigations is increasing. Law enforcement Law enforcement While the open nature of the Internet does increase interoperability it also raises security concerns. While the open nature of the Internet does increase interoperability it also raises security concerns.

22. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Law Enforcement on the Net Although the Los Angeles Police Departments website is probably the largest, it is primarily a one-way form of communication.Los Angeles Police Department

23. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Law Enforcement on the Net Some crime and incident reporting can be completed over the internet What crimes can be reported? Is this an efficient and effective tool?

24. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Law Enforcement on the Net Advanced law enforcement applications involve real-time crime mapping. In this instance, the San Diego Police Department provides real-time crime maps to the public.law enforcement

25. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Law Enforcement on the Net NCJRS hosts one of the largest criminal justice and juvenilecriminal justice justice libraries and databases in the world, the NCJRS Abstracts Database. The collection, with holdings from the early 1970s to the present, contains more than 180,000 publications, reports, articles, and audiovisual products.

26. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Law Enforcement on the Net Some commercial organizations, like policeone.com publish news, articles and product information directly to police officers. policeone.com

27. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Portals Larger government agencies are beginning to design portals – gateways to all government services

28. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Community Policing Community Policing As an technology enhancer of community policing, websites can: As an technology enhancer of community policing, websites can:community policingcommunity policing Enhance services Enhance services Increase one-way communications Increase one-way communications Facilitate two-way communications Facilitate two-way communications Increase partnerships Increase partnerships Enhance problem solving Enhance problem solving

29. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Community Policing Community Policing Problem Solving Problem Solving Increased communication Increased communication Interactive mapping Interactive mapping Hyperlinks to essential services. Hyperlinks to essential services. FAQs FAQs Access to web-based best practices Access to web-based best practices Partnership Community participation in content and design. Hyperlinks to essential non- governmental services. FAQs Interactive nature can make law enforcement seem more part of rather than apart from.

30. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Police Technology Police Technology Explore Forensic Science at Forensic ScienceForensic Sciencewww.forensicprofiles.com