1. regulates blood pressure
REVIEW
How the gut microbiota
regulates blood pressure 李月

2. Diet alters gut microbiota population
One important role of gut microbiota:
Harvest nutrition and energy for the host.
Through digestion of dietary fibre
Because vertebrates do not have the enzyme to digest dietary on their own.

3. Most diatery fibre is not digested until it reaches the colon:
Feeds commensal bacteria and generates SCFAs(Acetate, propionate, and butyrate)
Butyrate（丁酸盐）:
used by colonocytes to maintain the intestinal barrier and decrease local inflammation
transported with acetate and propionate to the liver through the portal vein(small amount）
Propionate （丙酸盐）:
metabolised by the hepatocytes
Acetate（乙酸盐） and smaller proportions of propionate and butyrate :
released into the systemic circulation and reach organs involved in the regulation of blood pressure.
Decrease the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria

5. Probiotics, milk peptides, and BP
Prebiotics:
Beneficial foodstuffs
Probiotics:
Beneficial bacteria for gut health
The intake of milk peptides and different strains of Lactobacillus was shown to lower BP levels in experimental models
the fermentation of milk with Lactobacillus helveticus released peptides with the amino acid sequences isoleucine–proline–proline and valine–proline–proline, which have the capacity to inhibit ACE, resulting in lower BP levels in experimental models
The BP-lowering effect was more pronounced in patients who were hypertensive (−3.98 mmHg systolic BP) than in participants who were normotensive (−2.09 mmHg)

6. Type of probiotics used
Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus thermophiles, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus,Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacteria infantis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bifidobacterium animalis
main source of probiotics
Yoghurt ,sour milk, milk, cheese, and a capsule containing specific bacterial strains

7. Link between salt and the gut microbiota.
Inhibition of the gut sodium–hydrogen exchanger 3 has been shown to reduce BP levels and increase sodium excretion in disease models.
Breed the two types of rats(salt sensitive and salt-resistant ) to a high salt diet:
Compared with the salt-resistant controls, the salt-sensitive strain
had higher prevalence of bacteria from the Bacteroidetes phylum
no change in the Firmicutes phylum

8. THANKS