1. GI Disorders

2. GI disorders impair a pets ability to digest and absorb nutrients. Factors may include: Abrupt change in diet Dietary indiscretion Malabsorption Maldigestion Allergies Cancer Parasites Infectious agents Toxins Reactions to medications

3. Acute gastritis is usually self limiting. It is characterized by vomiting which resolves in 24 to 48 hours. Possible causes include dietary indiscretion or foreign objects.

4. Chronic gastritis has intermittent vomiting over a period of weeks to months. Cause is seldom determined. The inflammatory response stimulates acid secretion and damages normal mucosal barriers.

5. Small bowel disease refers to any condition that affects the small intestine including inflammation and infection. Small bowel diarrhea is characterized by large amounts of stool passed 3 – 5 times per day without straining.

6. Colitis (large bowel disease) may be caused by food sensitivity, parasites, infection or pancreatitis.

7. Management is targeted at correcting the underlying disease. Dietary changes depends on which part of the GI tract is affected.

9. ColorLikely CauseLikely Location Yellowish or greenishRapid transitSmall bowel Black, tarryUpper GI bleedingStomach or small bowel Red blood or clotsLower GI bleedingColon clots Pasty, lightLack of bileLiver Large, gray, rancidInadequate digestionSmall bowel or absorption

10. ConsistencyLikely CauseLikely Location WateryRapid transitSmall bowel FoamyBacterial infectionSmall bowel Greasy, often with oily hair around the anus MalabsorptionSmall bowel, pancreaspancreas Glistening or jellylikeConstains mucusColon

11. The presence of food can have a positive effect, triggering a variety of signals that facilitate digestion and metabolism: Secretion of digestive enzymes Optimize blood flow to the small intestine Delivery of nutrients to cells GI cell proliferation

12. Food can also have a negative effect: Undigested food can trigger inflammatory responses Alter GI mobility Alter microflora populations

13. Small bowel disorders: Diet should be highly digestible, low in fat and fiber High digestibility facilitates nutrient absorption and reduces the potential for diarrhea as large quantities of undigested food in the gut can cause water retention and trigger renewed diarrhea.

14. Protein turnover may be increased so it is important to maximize absorption. The protein should contain a sufficient amount of the amino acid, glutamine, as it is one of the main fuels for enterocytes

15. Restricting fat is recommended. Although fat is easily digestible, the metabolism requires several steps. Undigested fat that reaches the colon can be altered by bacteria to produce toxins that increase mucosal permeability and alter mobility.

16. Large bowel disorders: Patients may benefit for moderate amounts of soluble and insoluble fiber. Dietary fiber helps: Restore normal intestinal motility Dilute concentration of potential toxins Bind to excess water reestablish normal microflora populations provide energy for colonocytes

17. Pancreatitis: Dietary fat stimulates the pancreas to secrete lipase. These digestive enzymes may leak into the bloodstream causing pain and tissue damage. Clinical signs include: Pyrexia (fever), Cardiac arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat), Liver damage, Kidney damage, Sepsis (infection in the blood), Peritonitis (inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity).

18. Vomiting (emesis; usually profuse) Lack of appetite (inappetence; anorexia; refusal to eat) Lack of thirst (refusal to drink) Weight loss Weakness Depression Lethargy Diarrhea Dehydration Abdominal pain (usually severe and sudden in onset) Tucked-up belly (“prayer position”) Owners may notice the following clinical signs:

19. Prayer Position

20. Enteral Nutrition: introducing nutrients to the gut to be broken down and utilized for energy Parenteral Nutrition: introducing nutrition to the body, bypassing the gut. ie. Intraveneous

21. Fluid therapy will help to combat dehydration and restore electrolyte imbalances. Experts recommend enteral nutritional support in all patients with pancreatitis. EN stabilizes the gut barrier, improves enterocyte health and immune function, improves GI motility and prevents catabolism.

22. Enteral nutrition can be provided by a variety of feeding tubes, including nasogastric (NG) or nasoesophogeal (NE) tubes, esophogostomy tubes, gastrostomy tubes or jejunostomy tubes. Jejunostomy tubes bypass the pancreas and can be used in patients when vomiting cannot be controlled.

24. The Gis main function is to digest and absorb nutrients. It also has a role in defending the body. The GI represents a first line of defence against potential pathogens, toxins and allergens. The GI is the bodys largest immune system. About 70% of the body’s immune system is located in the GI tract

25. The bacteria population is organized into a complex ecosystem that balances beneficial and harmful bacteria. The function of the bacteria is to aid in digestion and absorption of nutrients, and to prevent infection. Factors that can upset the balance between beneficial and harmful bacteria include:

26. Disease

27. Aging

28. Stress

29. Drugs

30. Probiotics: micro-organisms that are introduced into the gut to ensure healthy bacterial population

31. Prebiotics: food ingredients that act as nutrition for existing gut bacteria, promoting healthy bacteria flora. Beet pulp, soy beans, fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS)