1. 140 MBIO panel (semester 2; 1437-1438H)
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
Lecture-1
Welcoming and syllabus
140 MBIO panel (semester 2; H)
د. فاطمة العتيبي Dr. Fatmah Alotaibi
د. كاكاشان بروين Dr. Kahkashan Perveen
د. حميراء رضوان Dr. Humaira Rizwana
أعدت العروض التقديمية منسقة المقرر: د. أسماء الصالح
رقم المكتب 5T201
الموقع:
إيميل

2. Welcome .. Your course syllabus:
The general principles of microbiology (Interaction with human and ecosystem).
History and development of microbiology.
Microscopes (seeing the very small).
Cell structure and functions.
Microbial Diversity (Eukaryotic and prokaryotic).
Chemistry of cellular components
Nutrition of microorganisms
Microbial growth
Microbial classification
Microbial diversity and groups (Archaebacteria, fungi, Algae, Lichens, viruses)
Immunology
Antimicrobial agents

3. 140 MBIO panel (semester 2; 1437-1438H)
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
Lecture-2
Principles of Microbiology (Part-1)
140 MBIO panel (semester 2; H)
د. فاطمة العتيبي Dr. Fatmah Alotaibi
د. كاكاشان بروين Dr. Kahkashan Perveen
د. حميراء رضوان Dr. Humaira Rizwana
أعدت العروض التقديمية منسقة المقرر: د. أسماء الصالح
رقم المكتب 5T201
الموقع:
إيميل

4. Principles of Microbiology
الشعبة ....
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
Principles of Microbiology
Content
1.1 Microbiology and Microorganisms
The importance of microorganisms
1.2 Microbial Cells
Cell chemistry and key structure
Characteristics of living systems
Cell functions: coding and metabolism.
1.3 Microorganisms and Their Environments
Microbial interaction
1.4 The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
Microorganisms as disease agents
Microorganisms and agriculture
Microorganisms and food
Microorganisms, energy and there environment
Microorganisms and their genetic resources
Microbiology as a career
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

5. Microbiology and Microorganisms
الشعبة ....
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
Microbiology and Microorganisms
The science of microbiology revolves around two themes:
Understanding basic life processes (basic biological science).
Microbes are excellent models for understanding cellular processes in unicellular and multicellular organisms
Applying that knowledge to the benefit of humans (applied biological science)
Microbes play important roles in medicine, agriculture, and industry
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

6. Microbiology and Microorganisms
الشعبة ....
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
Microbiology and Microorganisms
The importance of microorganisms
Oldest and smallest form of life
Largest mass of living material on Earth
Carry out major processes for biogeochemical cycles
Can live in places unsuitable for other organisms
Other life forms require microbes to survive
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

7. 1.2 Microbial cell The Cell
الشعبة ....
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
1.2 Microbial cell
The Cell
A dynamic entity that forms the fundamental unit of life
Contains 4 chemical components, form 95% of dry weight of the cell:
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids
Polysaccharides
Nucleus
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

8. 1.2 Microbial cell Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane Cell wall
الشعبة ....
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
1.2 Microbial cell
Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane
Barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment
Cell wall
Present in most microbes, confers structural strength and prevents the cell from osmotic bursting
Nucleus
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

9. 1.2 Microbial cell Nucleus or nucleoid: contains Cytoplasm:
الشعبة ....
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
1.2 Microbial cell
Cytoplasm:
The fluid inside the cell contains various structures and chemicals
Nucleus or nucleoid: contains
DNA (the genome)
Ribosomes (consisting proteins)
RNA (new proteins are made)
Nucleus
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

10. 1.2 Microbial cell 140MIC: Microbiology الشعبة .... الشعبة ....
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

11. 1.2 Microbial cell Characteristics of living systems
الشعبة ....
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
1.2 Microbial cell
Characteristics of living systems
1- Compartmentalization and metabolism:
A cell is a compartment that takes up nutrients from the environment, transforms them, and releases wastes into the environment.
The cell is thus an open system.
Cell
Environment
2-Growth Chemicals from the environment are turned into new cells under the genetic direction of preexisting cells.
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

12. 1.2 Microbial cell Characteristics of living systems
الشعبة ....
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
1.2 Microbial cell
Characteristics of living systems
3- Differentiation Some cells can form new cell structures such as a spore, usually as part of a cellular life cycle.
Spore
4- Communication Many cells communicate or interact by means of chemicals that are released or taken up.
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

13. 1.2 Microbial cell Characteristics of living systems
الشعبة ....
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
1.2 Microbial cell
Characteristics of living systems
5- Motility Some cells are capable of self-propulsion
Distinct species
Ancestral cell
6- Evolution Cells contain genes and evolve to display new biological properties. Phylogenetic trees show the evolutionary relationships between cells.
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus
Distinct species

14. 1.2 Microbial cell Cells as Catalysts and as Coding Devices
الشعبة ....
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
1.2 Microbial cell
Cells as Catalysts and as Coding Devices
Cells carry out chemical reactions
Enzymes: protein catalysts of the cell that accelerate chemical reactions
Cells store and process information that is eventually passed on to offspring during reproduction through DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and evolution.
Transcription: DNA produces RNA
Translation: RNA makes protein
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

15. Genetic functions Catalytic functions ATP DNA Transcription
Energy conservation: ADP  Pi
DNA
ATP
Metabolism: generation of precursors of macro- molecules (sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, etc.)
Replication
Transcription
Figure 1.4 The catalytic and genetic functions of the cell.
RNA
Enzymes: metabolic catalysts
Translation
Proteins 15
Growth
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

16. REMEMBER You can always ask questions through our discussion board on www.lms.ksu.edu.sa

17. 140 MBIO panel (semester 2; 1437-1438H)
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
Lecture- 3
Principles of Microbiology (Part-2)
140 MBIO panel (semester 2; H)
د. فاطمة العتيبي Dr. Fatmah Alotaibi
د. كاكاشان بروين Dr. Kahkashan Perveen
د. حميراء رضوان Dr. Humaira Rizwana
أعدت العروض التقديمية منسقة المقرر: د. أسماء الصالح
رقم المكتب 5T201
الموقع:
إيميل

18. Principles of Microbiology
الشعبة ....
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
Principles of Microbiology
Content
1.1 Microbiology and Microorganisms
The importance of microorganisms
1.2 Microbial Cells
Cell chemistry and key structure
Characteristics of living systems
Cell functions: coding and metabolism.
1.3 Microorganisms and Their Environments
Microbial interaction
1.4 The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
Microorganisms as disease agents
Microorganisms and agriculture
Microorganisms and food
Microorganisms, energy and there environment
Microorganisms and their genetic resources
Microbiology as a career
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

19. 1.3 Microorganisms and Their Environments
الشعبة ....
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
1.3 Microorganisms and Their Environments
Microorganisms exist in nature in populations of interacting assemblages called microbial communities.
The environment in which a microbial population lives is its habitat
Ecosystem refers to all living organisms plus physical and chemical constituents of their environment
Microbial ecology is the study of microbes in their natural environment
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

20. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.5 Microbial communities. 20
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

21. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.5 Microbial communities. 21
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. 1.3 Microorganisms and Their Environments
الشعبة ....
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
1.3 Microorganisms and Their Environments
Diversity and abundances of microbes are controlled by resources (nutrients) and environmental conditions (e.g., temp, pH, O2)
The activities of microbial communities can affect the chemical and physical properties of their habitats
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

23. 1.3 Microorganisms and Their Environments
الشعبة ....
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة ....
1.3 Microorganisms and Their Environments
Microbes also interact with their physical and chemical environment
Ecosystems greatly influenced (if not controlled) by microbial activities
Microorganisms change the chemical and physical properties of their habitats through their activities
For example, removal of nutrients from the environment and the excretion of waste products
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

24. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.5 Microbial communities. 24
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
الشعبة
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
Microorganisms as disease agents
Microorganisms can be both beneficial and harmful to humans
Emphasis typically on harmful microorganisms (infectious disease agents, or pathogens).
Pathogens pose a major threat to human’s life in developing countries
Some disease caused by microorganisms include:
Malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, African sleeping sickness, measles, pneumonia and other respiratory diseases and diarrheal syndromes.
Emerging infectious diseases are of particular importance because they spread quickly
Such as Ebola, bird flu and MERS-CoV
Many more microorganisms are beneficial than are harmful
Microbial flora
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

26. The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
الشعبة
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
Microorganisms as disease agents
1900
Today
Influenza and pneumonia
Heart disease
Tuberculosis
Cancer
Gastroenteritis
Stroke
Heart disease
Pulmonary disease
Stroke
Accidents
Kidney disease
Diabetes
Alzheimer’s disease
Accidents
Cancer
Influenza and pneumonia
Infant diseases
Kidney disease
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus
Infectious disease
Diphtheria
Septicemia
Nonmicrobial disease
Suicide
100
200
100
200
Deaths per 100,000 population
Deaths per 100,000 population
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

27. The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans Microorganisms and agriculture
الشعبة
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
Microorganisms and agriculture
Microorganisms and Agriculture
Many aspects of agriculture depend on microbial activities.
Positive impacts
Microbes to fix chemical components in the soil (Nitrogen, Sulfate)
cellulose-degrading microbes in the rumen
regeneration of nutrients in soil and water
Negative impacts
diseases in plants and animals
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

28. Fatty acids (Nutrition for animal) CO2  CH4 (Waste products)
N2  8H
2NH3  H2
Soybean plant
Figure 1.9 Microorganisms in modern agriculture.
N-cycle
S-cycle
Rumen
Grass
Cellulose
Glucose
Microbial fermentation 28
Fatty acids (Nutrition for animal)
CO2  CH4 (Waste products)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans Microorganisms and food
الشعبة
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
Microorganisms and food
Microorganisms and Food
Negative impacts
Food spoilage by microorganisms cause economical loss
 requires specialized preservation of many foods
Food poisoning due to microbial contamination (Salmonella / Escherichia coli (E.coli)
 Requires constant monitoring to ensure food safety.
Positive impacts
Microbial transformations (typically fermentations) yield
dairy products (e.g., cheeses, yogurt)
other food products (e.g., sauerkraut, pickles, leavened breads, vinegar)
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

30. The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
الشعبة
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
Microorganisms and food (NEGATIVE IMPACT)
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

31. The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
الشعبة
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
Microorganisms and food (NEGATIVE IMPACT)
ELECTRON
MICROSCOPE
LIGHT
MICROSCOPE
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

32. The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
الشعبة
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
Microorganisms and food (POSITIVE IMPACT)
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

33. The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
الشعبة
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
Microorganisms and food (POSITIVE IMPACT)
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

34. The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
الشعبة
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
Microorganisms, Energy, and the Environment
The role of microbes in biofuels production
For example, methane, ethanol, hydrogen
Industrial microbiology: Growing microorganisms in large scales to make products of low commercial value. e.g. antibiotics and various chemicals (such as citric acid).
The role of microbes in cleaning up pollutants (bioremediation). There are 2 ways:
By introducing specific microorganisms to a polluted environment
By adding nutrients that stimulate preexisting microorganisms to degrade the pollutants.
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

35. The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
الشعبة
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
Microorganisms, Energy, and the Environment
Oil spill –bioremediation treatment
Sewerage spill –bioremediation treatment
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

36. The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
الشعبة
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
The Impact of Microorganisms on Humans
Microorganisms and Their Genetic Resources
Biotechnology employs genetically engineered microorganisms to generate products of high value to humans, such as insulin and human proteins.
Microbiology as a Career:
Clinical medicine
Research and development – pharmaceutical, chemical/biochemical, biotechnology
Microbial monitoring in food and beverage industries, public health, government.
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

37. REMEMBER You can always ask questions through our discussion board on www.lms.ksu.edu.sa

38. 140 MBIO panel (semester 2; 1437-1438H)
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
Lecture-4
History of microbiology (Part-1)
140 MBIO panel (semester 2; H)
د. فاطمة العتيبي Dr. Fatmah Alotaibi
د. كاكاشان بروين Dr. Kahkashan Perveen
د. حميراء رضوان Dr. Humaira Rizwana
أعدت العروض التقديمية منسقة المقرر: د. أسماء الصالح
رقم المكتب 5T201
الموقع:
إيميل

39. History of microbiology
الشعبة
الشعبة
History of microbiology
Content
140MIC: Microbiology
History of microbiology (part-1)
Microbiology in the Islamic era (Arabic content).
Pathways of discovery in microbiology
The historical roots of microbiology
Pasteur and the defeat of spontaneous generation
Koch, infectious disease, and pure culture microbiology.
History of microbiology (part-2)
The rise of microbial diversity
The modern era of microbiology
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

40. History of microbiology الأحياء الدقيقة في العصر الإسلامي
الشعبة
History of microbiology
الأحياء الدقيقة في العصر الإسلامي
140MIC: Microbiology
إلغاء فكرة المسبب العفوي:
قال صلى الله عليه وسلم عن الطاعون «إذا وقع بأرض فلا تدخلوها، وإذا كنتم بها فلا تفروا منه».
جاءت السنة المطهرة بالحث على النظافة في الأكل والشرب، والنظافة بعد الخارج من السبيليت والنهي عن الاكل في الآنية المشقوقة والتنفس في الطعاموالشراب والحض على السواك والمضمضة وتغطية الطعام والتحذير من لعاب الكلب .. الخ
العلماء المسلمون والأمراض المعدية:
نصح المسلمون بالعديد من النصائح لتجنب الأمراض المعدية كالنظافة التامة وتخصيص أدوات للمريض، وعزل المريض المصاب بمرض معدي فكانوا أول من أسس نظام الحجر الصحي. عزل الخليفة الوليد بن عبدالملك مرضى الجذام في مصحات خاصة.

41. History of microbiology الأحياء الدقيقة في العصر الإسلامي
الشعبة
History of microbiology
الأحياء الدقيقة في العصر الإسلامي
140MIC: Microbiology
أبو بكر الرازي
فرق بين الحصبة والجدري- رغم التشابه الشديد بينهما.
قصة بناء المشفى في بغداد
ابن الجزار القيرواني
تناول مرض الجذام في كتاب مستقل وذكر أسبابه وطرق علاجه
ابن سينا
تناول السل وأنواعه وطرق انتقاله وكيفية الوقاية من عدواه
تناول الجمرة الخبيثة وسماه (النار الفارسية).
اقترح التطعيم
أول من اقترح وجود أجسام صغيرة مسببة للمرض. وسماها (السبب) وتحدث عن مقاومة الجسم لذلك (السبب) كما أدرك أن السبب قد يكمن داخل الجسم بدون أن تظهر أعراض المرض عليه
قام بتعقيم الجروح بالضمادات الساخنة المنقوعة بالخمرة المعتقة القوية.

42. History of microbiology الأحياء الدقيقة في العصر الإسلامي
الشعبة
History of microbiology
الأحياء الدقيقة في العصر الإسلامي
140MIC: Microbiology
ابن رشد
قام بأول عملية تطعيم ضد الجدري.
ابن الخطيب الأندلسي
تناول نظرية العدوى وألف رسالة عن أسبابها وطرق الوقاية منها من الجانبين الطبي والشرعي حين انتشر الطاعون في أوروبا سنة 749هـ
ابن خلدون
«إن وقوع الوباء سببه في الغالب فساد الهواء بكثرة العمران لكثرة مايخالطه من عفن ورطوبات فاسدة» .. على ماذا يدل قول ابن خلدون؟
الدميري:
كتاب (حياة الحيوان الكبرى) وصف داء الكلب وأعراضه وعدواه.

43. The Historical Roots of Microbiology
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
The Historical Roots of Microbiology
Microbiology began with the microscope
Robert Hooke (1635–1703)
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)
Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898)
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
Robert Koch (1843–1910)

44. The Historical Roots of Microbiology
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
The Historical Roots of Microbiology
Microbiology began with the microscope
Robert Hooke (1635–1703):
the first to describe microbes.
Illustrated the fruiting structures of molds

45. The Historical Roots of Microbiology
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
The Historical Roots of Microbiology
Microbiology began with the microscope
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)
The first to describe bacteria.
Further progress required development of more powerful microscopes

46. The Historical Roots of Microbiology
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
The Historical Roots of Microbiology
Microbiology began with the microscope
Ferdinand Cohn (1828–1898):
Founded the field of bacterial classification.
Discovered bacterial endospores

47. Pasteur and the Defeat of Spontaneous Generation
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
Pasteur and the Defeat of Spontaneous Generation
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895).
Discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers
Discovered that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically mediated process (originally thought to be purely chemical)
Disproved theory of spontaneous generation.
Led to the development of methods for controlling the growth of microorganisms (aseptic technique)
Developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies

48. Steam, forced out open end
Figure 1.16a
Steam, forced out open end
Figure 1.16 The defeat of spontaneous generation: Pasteur’s swan-necked flask experiment. 48
Nonsterile liquid poured into flask
Neck of flask drawn out in flame
Liquid sterilized by extensive heating
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

49. Dust and microorganisms trapped in bend Open end
Figure 1.16b
Dust and microorganisms trapped in bend
Open end
Figure 1.16 The defeat of spontaneous generation: Pasteur’s swan-necked flask experiment.
Long time
Liquid cooled slowly
Liquid remains sterile indefinitely 49
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

50. Flask tipped so microorganism-laden dust contacts sterile liquid
Figure 1.16c
Figure 1.16 The defeat of spontaneous generation: Pasteur’s swan-necked flask experiment.
Short time
Liquid putrefies
Flask tipped so microorganism-laden dust contacts sterile liquid 50
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

51. Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure Cultures
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure Cultures
Robert Koch (1843–1910)
Demonstrated the link between microbes and infectious diseases
Identified causative agents of anthrax and tuberculosis
Koch’s postulates
Developed techniques (solid media) for obtaining pure cultures of microbes, some still in existence today
Awarded Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1905

52. KOCH’S POSTULATES The Postulates: Tools:
Diseased animal
Healthy animal
The Postulates:
Tools:
1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals.
Microscopy, staining
Red blood cell
Observe blood/tissue under the microscope
Red blood cell
Suspected pathogen
Figure 1.19 Koch’s postulates for proving cause and effect in infectious diseases.
2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture.
Laboratory culture
Streak agar plate with sample from either diseased or healthy animal
No organisms present
Colonies of suspected pathogen
Inoculate healthy animal with cells of suspected pathogen
3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal.
Experimental animals
Diseased animal 52
Remove blood or tissue sample and observe by microscopy
4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original.
Suspected pathogen
Pure culture (must be same organism as before)
Laboratory reisolation and culture
Laboratory culture
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

53. REMEMBER You can always ask questions through our discussion board on www.lms.ksu.edu.sa

54. 140 MBIO panel (semester 2; 1437-1438H)
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
Lecture-5
History of microbiology (Part-2)
140 MBIO panel (semester 2; H)
د. فاطمة العتيبي Dr. Fatmah Alotaibi
د. كاكاشان بروين Dr. Kahkashan Perveen
د. حميراء رضوان Dr. Humaira Rizwana
أعدت العروض التقديمية منسقة المقرر: د. أسماء الصالح
رقم المكتب 5T201
الموقع:
إيميل

55. Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure Cultures
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure Cultures
Koch’s Postulates Today
Koch’s postulates apply for diseases that have an appropriate animal model
Remain “gold standard” in medical microbiology, but not always possible to satisfy all postulates for every infectious disease
Animal models not always available
For example, cholera, rickettsias, chlamydias
Koch and the Rise of Pure Cultures
Discovered that using solid media provided a simple way of obtaining pure cultures
Began with potato slices, but eventually devised uniform and reproducible nutrient solutions solidified with gelatin and agar

56. History of microbiology
الشعبة
الشعبة
History of microbiology
Content
140MIC: Microbiology
History of microbiology (part-1)
Microbiology in the Islamic era (Arabic content).
Pathways of discovery in microbiology
The historical roots of microbiology
Pasteur and the defeat of spontaneous generation
Koch, infectious disease, and pure culture microbiology.
History of microbiology (part-2)
The rise of microbial diversity
The modern era of microbiology
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

57. The rise of microbial diversity
Field that focuses on nonmedical aspects of microbiology
Roots in 20th century
Martinus Beijerinck (1851–1931)
Developed enrichment culture technique
Microbes isolated from natural samples in a highly selective fashion by manipulating nutrient and incubation conditions
Example: nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Figure 1.21)
Beijerinck and Winogradsky studied bacteria in soil and water and developed the enrichment culture technique for the isolation of representatives of various physiological groups
Major new concepts in microbiology emerged during this period, including enrichment cultures, chemolithotrophy, chemoautotrophy, and nitrogen fixation.
Martinus Beijerinck, professor at the Delft Polytechnic School in Holland, trained as a botanist. Began career in microbiology studying plants.
Sergei Winogradsky, Russian microbiologist, contemporary of Beijerinick.

58. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.21 Martinus Beijerinck and Azotobacter. 58
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

59. The rise of microbial diversity
Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953)
The Concept of Chemolithotrophy
Demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific biogeochemical transformations (e.g., S & N cycles)
Proposed concept of chemolithotrophy
Oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation

60. The Modern Era of Microbiology
Major Subdisciplines of Applied Microbiology
Medical microbiology and immunology
Have roots in Koch’s work
Agricultural microbiology and industrial microbiology
Developed from concepts developed by Beijerinck and Winogradsky
Aquatic microbiology and marine microbiology
Developed from advances in soil microbiology
Microbial ecology
Emerged in 1960s–70s

61. The Modern Era of Microbiology
Basic Science Subdisciplines in Microbiology
Microbial systematics
The science of grouping and classifying microorganisms
Microbial physiology
Study of the nutrients that microbes require for metabolism and growth and the products that they generate
Cytology
Study of cellular structure
Microbial biochemistry
Study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions
Bacterial genetics
Study of heredity and variation in bacteria
Virology
Study of viruses

62. The Modern Era of Microbiology
Molecular Microbiology
Biotechnology
Manipulation of cellular genomes
DNA from one organism can be inserted into a bacterium and the proteins encoded by that DNA harvested
Genomics: study of all of the genetic material (DNA) in living cells
Transcriptomics: study of RNA patterns
Proteomics: study of all the proteins produced by cell(s)
Metabolomics: study of metabolic expression in cells

63. REMEMBER You can always ask questions through our discussion board on www.lms.ksu.edu.sa

64. 140 MBIO panel (semester 2; 1437-1438H)
140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
Lecture-6
Microscopes
140 MBIO panel (semester 2; H)
د. فاطمة العتيبي Dr. Fatmah Alotaibi
د. كاكاشان بروين Dr. Kahkashan Perveen
د. حميراء رضوان Dr. Humaira Rizwana
أعدت العروض التقديمية منسقة المقرر: د. أسماء الصالح
رقم المكتب 5T201
الموقع:
إيميل

65. Microscopes Seeing the very small 140MIC: Microbiology
الشعبة
الشعبة
Microscopes
140MIC: Microbiology
Seeing the very small
Light microscope; principles
Electron microscope.
المحاضرة الأولى Welcoming and syllabus

66. Microscopes
Seeing the very small

67. Microscopes Microscopes and microbiology  linking advance
Microscopes use lenses to magnify object’s images.
There are two types of microscopes:
Light microscopes (4 types)
Electron microscope (2 types)

68. Some Principles of Light Microscopy
Compound light microscope uses visible light to illuminate cells
Many different types of light microscopy:
Bright-field
Phase-contrast
Dark-field
Fluorescence
Bright-field microscope
Specimens are visualized because of differences in contrast (density) between specimen and surroundings.
Two sets of lenses form the image
Objective lens and ocular lens
Total magnification = objective magnification  ocular magnification
Maximum magnification is ~2,000

70. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 2.2 Bright-field photomicrographs of pigmented microorganisms. 70
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

71. Some Principles of Light Microscopy
Resolution: the ability to distinguish two adjacent objects as separate and distinct
Resolution is determined by the wavelength of light used and numerical aperture of lens
Limit of resolution for light microscope is about 0.2  m
Methods to Improve contrast to generate a better final image?
Staining
Dyes are organic compounds that bind to specific cellular materials
Examples of common stains are methylene blue, safranin, and crystal violet
Differential stains: the Gram stain
Differential stains separate bacteria into groups Bacteria can be divided into two major groups: gram-positive and gram-negative
Gram-positive bacteria appear purple and gram-negative bacteria appear red after staining

72. II. Heat fixing and staining
I. Preparing a smear
Spread culture in thin film over slide
Dry in air
II. Heat fixing and staining
Figure 2.3 Staining cells for microscopic observation.
Pass slide through flame to heat fix
Flood slide with stain; rinse and dry
III. Microscopy 72
Slide
Oil
Place drop of oil on slide; examine with 100 objective lens
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

73. Step 1
Flood the heat-fixed smear with crystal violet for 1 min
Result: All cells purple
Step 2
Add iodine solution for 1 min
Result: All cells remain purple
Figure 2.4 The Gram stain.
Step 3
Decolorize with alcohol briefly — about 20 sec
Result: Gram-positive cells are purple;
gram-negative cells are colorless
Step 4 G- 73
Counterstain with safranin for 1–2 min
Result: Gram-positive (G+) cells are purple; gram-negative (G-) cells are pink to red G+

74. Electron Microscopy
Electron microscopes use electrons instead of photons to image cells and structures.
Two types of electron microscopes:
Transmission electron microscopes (TEM)
Scanning electron microscopes (SEM)
Home work
1- Differentiate between the 4 types of light microscopy. Provide examples of images produced by each type.
2- Explain the difference between the 2 types of electron microscope. Provide examples of images produced by each types
3- Is there any other types of microscopies?

75. Electron source Evacuated chamber Sample port Viewing screen
Figure 2.9
Electron source
Evacuated chamber
Figure 2.9 The electron microscope.
Sample port 75
Viewing screen
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

76. Cytoplasmic membrane DNA (nucleoid) Cell wall Septum
Figure 2.10 Electron micrographs. 76
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

77. REMEMBER You can always ask questions through our discussion board on www.lms.ksu.edu.sa