1. COORDINATION AND SUBORDINATION
GRAMMAR SHOT
COORDINATION AND SUBORDINATION

2. CLAUSES
DEFINITION
INDEPENDENT
DEPENDENT
SUBORDINATE

3. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
CAUSE OR EFFECT
AS, BECAUSE, IN ORDER THAT, SINCE, SO THAT
CONCESSION
ALTHOUGH, AS IF, EVEN IF, EVEN THOUGH, THOUGH

4. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
CONDITION
EVEN IF, IF, IF ONLY, PROVIDED, SINCE, UNLESS, WHEN, WHENEVER, WHETHER
COMPARISON OR CONTRAST
AS, AS IF, AS THOUGH, RATHER THAN, THAN, WHEREAS, WHETHER, WHILE

5. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
PURPOSE
IN ORDER THAT
SO THAT
THAT
SPACE OR TIME
AFTER, AS LONG AS, BEFORE, NOW THAT, ONCE, SINCE, TILL, UNTIL, WHEN, WHENEVER, WHERE, WHEREVER, WHILE

6. RELATIVE PRONOUNS WHICH THAT WHAT WHATEVER WHO (WHOSE, WHOM)
WHOEVER (WHOMEVER)

7. FUNCTION ADJECTIVES, ADVERBS, NOUNS
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES – RELATIVE PRONOUNS; PRONOUN IS SUBJECT OR OBJECT OF THE CLAUSE IT BEGINS
ADVERB CLAUSES – TELL HOW, WHY, WHEN, WHERE, UNDER WHAT CONDITIONS, OR WITH WHAT RESULT; BEGIN WITH SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
NOUN CLAUSES – SUBJECTS, OBJECTS, COMPLEMENTS; THAT, WHAT, WHATEVER, WHO, WHOM, WHOMEVER, WHEN, WHERE, WHETHER, WHY, HOW

8. ELLIPTICAL CLAUSES
SUBORDINATE CLAUSE THAT IS GRAMMATICALLY INCOMPLETE BUT CLEAR IN MEANING
MOST OFTEN THAT OR WHICH OR WHOM OR PREDICATE FOR THE SECOND PART OF A COMPARISON

9. PUNCTUATING SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
IF SERVING AS ADVERB ALMOST ALWAYS SET OFF WITH COMMA WHEN INTRODUCING A SENTENCE
MODIFIER THAT INTERRUPTS OR CONCLUDES NO COMMA IF ESSENTIAL
MODIFIER THAT INTERRUPTS OR CONCLUDES COMMA IF NOT ESSENTIAL