1. Overview of Digital Video Standards
Naohiro Shichijo
Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies
The University of Tokyo
This session is titled “Overview of Digital Video Standards”

2. Digital Video Standards
Focuses on professional digital video standards (ie. non-consumer)
Describe following items briefly:
Video Signal
Sampling
Encoding
Transferring
Tape recording
In this 90 minutes tutorial.
I’d like to introduce the concept and implementation of various digital video systems.
We focus on especially “professional digital video systems.”
That is different from ordinary consumer video systems.
But they resembles in many points.
Because consumer video systems are descendent of professional video systems.
So, the understanding of professional video systems will likely to help to understand consumer video systems.
In order to understand digital video systems, we have to know about these concepts,
That is.
Video signal etc…
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

3. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Roadmap
Analog Video
Digital Video
HDTV
Digital Video Recording
So,
This tutorial is composed of
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

4. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Digital Video at Work -1
Contents creation in analog/digital television.
Cinema production
Computer graphics
Beforehand I’d like to show you a few applications of digital video systems.
Of course, the digital video systems are used to create contents of television.
The terrestrial TV broadcasting is done in analog in many places of the world.
But the contents creation is done mostly in digital.
Digital video systems introduced small camera for ENG (Electric News Gathering).
Especially for NEWS program, the digital systems are widely spread.
And also, for Cinema.
In these days, the most of the commercial films are edited in digital.
As you may know, the Starwars Episode II is shooted in HDTV camera, and edited using
HD-D5 systems. And in some places, they are projected using DLP cinema projectors.
The third example is computer graphics.
In computer graphics creation, uncompressed component systems like D-1 or D-6 is used.
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

5. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Digital Video at Work -2
DTV
Advanced Television System (USA, Taiwan)
DVB
Digital Video Broadcasting (Europe)
ISDB
Integrated Services Digital Broadcating (Japan)
In these days,
The terrestrial broadcasting and satellite broadcasting are changing from analog to digital.
These are some examples of the efforts to introduce digital television system in the world.
The first one is Advanced Television in united states.
DVB is used mainly in Europe.
The ISDB is the standard in Japan.
11/14/2018
Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

6. History of Digital Video -0
Around 1970: Digital Black-box Systems
Frame synchronizer
Standards converter
Timebase corrector
 Analog I/O
Around 1980: Digital VTR Systems
DVE, Graphic system, Still store
 very limited interoperability
11/14/2018
Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

7. History of Digital Video Standards (1/2)
1982: ITU-R Rec. BT. 601
Encoding parameters for digital television for studios (describes 4:2:2 encoding)
1986: ITU-R Rec. BT. 657
Digital television tape recording. Standards for the international exchange of television programs on magnetic tape  SMPTE 224M~228M (known as D-1)
1990: SMPTE 224M~248M
Composite Digital Encoding for NTSC(known as D-2)
1993: IEC61179
19mm Type D-2 Composite Format (includes NTSC, PAL)
1993: SMPTE 264M,265M
½ -in Type D-3 Composite Format 525/60, 625/50
1996: SMPTE 279M
½ -in Type D-5 Component Format – 525/60 and 625/50
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

8. History of Digital Video Standards (2/2)
1995: SMPTE 227M,228M
Television Digital Recording 19mm – Type D-6
1998: SMPTE 306M,307M,314M
Television Digital Recording 6.35mm – Type D-7 Component Format 25Mbit/s, 50Mbit/s (also known as DVCPRO)
1999: SMPTE 316M,317M
Television Digital Recoding 12.65mm – Type D-9 (also known as Digital-S)
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

9. Introduction to Analog Video

10. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
TV Standards
NTSC
PAL
SECAM
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

11. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

12. Standard Definition of Composite Video Parameters
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

13. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Colorimetry
SMPTE
CIE x-y color chart
By cietoppm.c
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

14. Luminance and Chromaticity
Tristimulus chromaticity coordinate system, (X, Y, Z)
x=X/(X+Y+Z), y=Y/(X+Y+Z)
Color is represented in the CIE2002 primarily colors.
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

15. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Basic ingredients
Brightness information
Chrominance information
(scaled to prevent overloading)
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

16. Composite Video Encoder
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

17. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
NTSC Equation (170M)
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

18. NTSC composite signal spectrum
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

19. Compositing waveforms
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

20. Horizontal Blanking Interval
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

21. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Field Structure
Even field
Complete Frame
Odd field
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

22. Horizontal Blank Structure
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

23. Introduction to Digital Video

24. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Signal Sampling
Continuous analog signal is sampled in equally T interval.
Nyquist’s theorem:
Sampling frequency should be larger than twice of sampled signal frequency
Sampling frequency:
4fsc … 14.3MHz (NTSC), 17.7MHz (PAL)
(sampling frequency)
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

25. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Aliasing
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

26. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Sampled spectrum
Ideal spectrum
Spectrum of filtered signal
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

27. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Quantization
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

28. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Digital Video Signals
Composite Digital Video
Component Digital Video
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

29. Composite Digital Signal
4fsc NTSC, PAL composite digital
Sampled at 4 times of sub carrier frequency ( fsc )
8bits / 10bits per sample
Used in D-2, D-3 etc.
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

30. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
I-Q representation
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

31. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Sampling timings
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

32. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Quantization
10bits/sample
8 bits/sample (two LSBs are set zero, shifted twice)
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

33. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Quantization in 244M
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

34. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Raster structures
(NTSC)
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

35. Component Digital Signal
CCIR601 standard. (ITU-R. 601)
Several standard sampling rates:
4:2:2 sampling
Luma at 13.5MHz, Chroma at 6.75MHz (2x3.375MHz)
4:1:1 sampling
Luma at 13.5MHz (4x3.375MHz), Chroma at 3.375MHz
4:2:0 sampling
Luma at 13.5MHz, Chroma at 6.75MHz (interleaved)
4:4:4 sampling
Luma and chroma are sampled at 13.5MHz
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

36. Sampling structure (4:2:2)
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

37. Horizontal Sync Relationship
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

38. Multiplexing luma and chroma
Total sample number is 1716 words (NTSC), 1728 words (PAL) per line.
In digital active lines, 720 samples for Y, 360 samples for Cb and Cr  1440 samples in total.
Digital blanking is 276 words (NTSC), 288 words (PAL)
Samples are transferred in {Cb, Y, Cr} sequence
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

39. Timing reference signals
In component digital, analog sync signals are not sampled.
1440~1443 words: EAV (End of active video)
1712~1715 words: SAV (Start of active video)
SAV and EAV is represented as “3FF XYZ”
XYZ: {(MSB)0,H,V,F,P0,P1,P2,P3,0,0(LSB)}2
F: field ID, V: vertical blanking information, H: horizontal blanking information, P0~P3: error correction bits.
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

40. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Multiplex Structure
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
ITU-R BT.656-4

41. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Ancillary data spaces
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

42. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Ancillary data
Data between EAV and SAV, and VLI are defined as “ancillary data.” Those are:
Horizontal ancillary area: HANC
Vertical ancillary area: VANC
They start with sequence of “000 3FF 3FF.”
HANC: 140,700 words/frame … 42.2Mb/s
VANC: 56,160 words/frame … 13.5Mb/s
In total … 55.7Mb/s (in NTSC)
11/14/2018
Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

43. Serial digital transmission
Uses one coax cable.
Multiplexes multi-channel audio and Video.
Audio channels are inserted in ancillary areas.
AES/EBU 2ch-digital audio … 3.072Mb/s
In 4fsc NTSC format, 4 channels (or two 2-channels) can be multiplexed.
SMPTE 259M-1997
Level A Mb/s, NTSC
Level B Mb/s, PAL
Level C Mb/s, 525/625 component
Level D Mb/s, 525/625 component
11/14/2018
Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

44. Serial Digital Interface (SDI)
Channel coding
NRZI (to reduce DC component compared to NRZ)
Uses scrambler to further reduce DC component.
G1(X) = X9 + X G2(X) = X + 1
Synchronizing
TRS-ID (Timing reference signal and line number identification)
TRS: 4 words (3FF ) are inserted at 790~793th words in NTSC
ID: 1word inserted at 794th word. Composed with line number and field number
11/14/2018
Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

45. Serial Data Transport Interface (SDTI)
Compatible with SDI
Header in HANC
User Data in Digital Active Video region (SAV~EAV)
Can contain both fixed and variable length data packets in User Data region
Usually, data packets will carry compressed video data
E.g. MPEG2 (in D-10), DV (in D-7) etc...
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

46. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
SDTI Payload
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

47. HDTV

48. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
HDTV formats
SMPTE 274M
SMPTE 293M
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

49. Basic difference with SDTV
Primary Colors
Luma and Chroma equations
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

50. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Raster Structure
Progressive Systems  straightforward
Interlace Systems  rather compilicated
that is:
Since active line is 1125, one frame is decomposed to 563 and 562 line fields.
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

51. Raster Structure of 1125P/I Systems
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

52. HDTV Vertical Blanking Structure
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

53. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
HD-SDI and HD-SDTI
HD-SDI:
Almost same as SD versions.
Same channel encoding
Bit rate is 1.486Gb/sec
Uses coax cable or optical fiber
HD-SDTI:
For compressed formats
11/14/2018
Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

54. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
HD-SDI C/Y payloads
Each C/Y multiplexed line is treated as two lines.
Original multiplexed line contains two headers. C then Y
Double rate operation: doubles line numbers for progressive mode.
11/14/2018
Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

55. Interleaved Data Stream in HD-SDI
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

56. SDTI Header and User Data Formats
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

57. Digital Video Recording

58. Digital video tape recorders (DVTRs)
SMPTE standardizes TV studio level DVTRs.
D-1, D-2, D-3, D-5, HD-D5, D-6, D-7, D-9, D-10, D-11, D-12
Digital Betacam, Betacam SX are not SMPTE standard, but commonly used.
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

59. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Uncompressed DVTRs
D-1, D-5: component digital
D-2, D-3: composite digital
D-6: component digital HDTV
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

60. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Compressed DVTRs
D-7 (DVCPRO): 25Mb/s, 50Mb/s
In 25Mb/s, 4:1:1, In 50Mb/s, 4:2:2
Compressed 1/3.3~1/5 by SMPTE314M (DV)
D-9 (Digital S)
50Mb/s, 4:2:2 sampled, 1/3.3 compressed by DCT
Betacam SX
4:2:2 sampled, 1/10 compressed by MPEG-2
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

61. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Compressed HDTV DVTRs
HD-D5
Compressed 1/4.3 by DCT
HDCAM
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Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo

62. Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo
Related information
SMPTE (professional video standards)
ITU (e.g. CCIR-601)
IEC (mainly for consumer standards)
ATSC (ATV in US)
DVB (digital broadcast in Europe)
11/14/2018
Naohiro Shichijo, The University of Tokyo