1. Cell Structure and Function (Ch 7.2)

2. Cell Organization Two parts to a cell: Nucleus and Cytoplasm
Nucleus: everything in the nucleus
Nucleolus and DNA
Cytoplasm: Everything outside of the nucleus
Includes the organelles  “little organs”
Each one differentiates to perform a particular function

3. Nucleus Nucleus = main office This is the control center of the cell
Contains DNA or coded instructions for making protein
and other important cells
Structure
Outside Nucleus
Nuclear envelope  has pores so RNA and protein can enter and leave nucleus
Inside Nucleus
Chromosomes: carry the cell’s genetic information  mostly found as chromatin (DNA bound to protein)
Nucleolus: assembly of ribosomes begin

4. Vacuoles / Vesicles Vacuoles = Storage
Vacuoles: large places to store things like water, salt, sugar, and protein
plants have a large center vacuole → helps with strength
Vesicles: smaller vacuoles in animal cells that transport materials

5. Lysosomes Lysosomes = clean-up crew
Lysosomes: small cells with enzymes that help break down large molecules into small molecules, and they break down cells that are no longer useful
RARE in plant cells

6. Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton = frame of structure
Cytoskeleton: a tight web of proteins that make up the structure of the cell
Some parts transfer things throughout a cell and some help the cell move
Two types of filaments:
microfilaments: threadlike structure made of actin (protein)
allows for movement in the cell
microtubules: made up of tubulin (protein) that makes up the structure of the cell
gives the cell its shape
helps with cell division →  mitotic spindle fibers to separate DNA → forms centrioles in animals cells to help with division

7. Ribosomes Ribosomes = Factory workers
Ribosomes: units of RNA and protein that are found in the cytoplasm or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
they are coded to follow specific directions that come from the boss (DNA)

8. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): membrane system
where lipids are put together → proteins and other materials are shipped here to be put together as well
Two types of ER:
Rough ER: proteins are made here by the ribosomes and shipped out to the cell
Smooth ER: has specialized enzymes that  make membrane lipids and get rid of toxins
What organ will contain smooth ER?

9. Golgi Apparatus Golgi Apparatus = Shipping Station
Golgi Apparatus: stack of flat membrane sacs that stores or ships the proteins out of the cell
ER → reads “address tags” or codes on protein and packages them into vesicles to send them to the golgi apparatus
Golgi Apparatus →changes and packages the protein to either store it or ship it outside the cell

10. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts = Solar Power Plant
they take energy from the sun and make food through photosynthesis
ONLY found in plant cells
has two outer membranes and is filled with the green pigment chlorophyll
Chlorophyll absorbs the energy from the light to make food

11. Mitochondria Mitochondria = Power Plant found in both cells
changes the chemical energy in cells to usable forms of energy
large contributor to respiration in animal cells
two membranes → inner membrane is larger than outer membrane
***Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own DNA (genetic information)

12. Cell Wall Cell Wall = Wall or Roof
Cell Wall: used for support, shape, and protection
Animal cells do NOT have cell walls
Plant cells DO have cells walls → helps plants stand up straight (cellulose)

13. Cell Membrane Cell Membrane = Insulation inside of the wall
both cells have an outer cell membrane surrounding the outside (lipid bilayer)
creates a strong and flexible outer layer that controls what enter and leaves the cell
Lipid Bilayer = Lipids: molecules made of carbon and hydrogen that makes up the lipid bilayer
two part → head and tail
hydrophilic head → water loving → on the outside
hydrophobic tail → water hating → on the inside (made of oil)
the tails stick together like a sandwich with the heads on the outside