1. The Geosphere

2. Changes occur on the Earth constantly:
Molten rock flows from volcanoes
Hurricanes batter beaches and change coastline
Earthquakes shake the ground

3. All of the ‘parts’ interact with each other
The Earth is a system that consists of air, water, rock and living things
All of the ‘parts’ interact with each other

4. Scientists use special terms to describe the different parts of the Earth
Geosphere – consists of all the rock, soils and sediments on the Earth
Atmosphere – consists of the air that surrounds the Earth
Hydrosphere – consists of all water, fresh or saltwater
Biosphere – all living things on the planet

5. Most of the geosphere is located in the Earth’s interior
The average diameter of the Earth is 12,756km

6. Discovering the Earth’s Interior

7. The earth is like an onion
Its made of layers

8. The information we have concerning the interior of the Earth comes to us from studying seismic waves
Seismic waves travel through different material at different rates. When seismic waves change direction or speed, it means they have moved through different layers

9. Scientists divide the Earth into three layers based on composition
Crust – the thinnest layer of the Earth (5-20km thick) made entirely of light elements
Mantle – makes up 64% of the earth’s mass, (2900km thick) made of rocks of medium density
Core – has a radius of 3400km and composed of the densest elements

10. The Earth can also be divided into 5 layers based on physical properties
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mesosphere (mantle)
Outer core
Inner core

11. The lithosphere is the Earth’s outer layer
It contains the crust and uppermost part of the mantle and is divided into moving sections called Tectonic Plates

12. The asthenosphere is the layer beneath the lithosphere
The asthenosphere is the ‘plastic’ solid layer of the Earth that the plates move on top of

13. The mesosphere contains molten rock which is called ‘magma’
The mesosphere consists of the lower mantle between the asthenosphere and outer core
The mesosphere contains molten rock which is called ‘magma’

14. The outer core is 2200km thick and made of nickel and iron
The outer core is mostly liquid

15. The inner core is a solid sphere of iron, nickel and cobalt (radioactive)
The temperature of the inner core is thought to be between 4000 and 5000 degrees Celsius

16. Scientists believe that cobalt in the core decays producing heat
The heat from the core produces energy that makes the magma move producing earthquakes, volcanoes and plate movement