1. IAEA Training in Emergency Preparedness and Response Module L-055 Radiological Data for Exercises Lecture

2. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises2 Objectives Know what radiological data is needed Know how radiological data can be generated and the tools that can be used Know the limitation of those tools Understand the pros and cons of using real weather during an exercise

3. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises3 Why is Radiological Data Important? Because radiological data drives the exercise

4. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises4 Type of Radiological Data In-facility Ambient radiation Contamination Air concentrations Environmental Ambient radiation Contamination Air concentrations Isotopic data

5. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises5 Type of Radiological Data (Contd) At the off-site traffic control points Ambient radiation Contamination (vehicles and people) At the reception centre or hospital Contamination (vehicles and people) Casualties Contamination Dosimeter readings

6. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises6 Producing Radiological Data (1) In-facility data: Simulator Safety analysis Shielding models

7. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises7 Producing Radiological Data (2) Environmental data Source term from safety analysis Customize the release fractions, rate of release and release profile in time to fit the emergency scenario Use dose projection software to generate doses vs. distance and time Some software has time-dependent source terms, variable winds, and provides measurable quantities such as dose rates and airborne concentration at any given time Most do not

8. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises8 Producing Radiological Data (3) Environmental data (contd) If the release profile is known, dose projections can be converted to dose rates, instantaneous airborne concentrations, ground shine and ground contamination Dose rates and airborne concentrations can be converted to instrument readings Using instrument specifications and sampling procedures as guides Random elements introduced in the software

9. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises9 Producing Radiological Data (4) People and vehicle contamination Use arbitrary values Requires some judgement Contamination level depends on location and duration of stay or travel

10. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises10 Producing Radiological Data (5) Dosimetry Most difficult values to simulate Depends on type location profile of each individual Can be simulated to cause key events e.g. Report of a dose greater than 5 mSv to force staff rotation For free play, integrate based on dose rate data If dose control is a major objective, have an individual or a team dedicated to the simulation of dose readings

11. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises11 How to Present Radiological Data (1) In-station radiological data: Colour-coded layout of the station Discrete time intervals

12. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises12 How to Present Radiological Data (2)

13. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises13 How to Present Radiological Data (3) Environmental data There are several ways. Two are presented as examples Method 1: one map of relevant data for each time interval Method 2: single map of integrated plume trajectory coupled with time-dependent tables Colour codes can be used but may be difficult to reproduce

14. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises14 Map (1)

15. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises15 Table (2) 0.1 Pole #1030.1 0.20.1 0.20.1 Pole #1040.2 0.10.20.10.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 Pole #1050.20.10.2 0.30.2 0.10.20.10.20.1 Pole #1060.20.10.2 0.1 0.2 0.10.2 Pole #1070.1 Pole #1080.1 South Musquash0.1

16. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises16 Real-time software Some programs allow real-time simulation of dose rate and contamination data

17. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises17 How to Present Radiological Data (4) Contamination data: At fixed points: table of values vs. time Large areas: maps or layouts for each major time interval Persons and vehicles: pictures

18. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises18 Contamination Data

19. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises19 Contamination Data (Contd) 20 - 25 cps 15 - 20 cps 10 - 15 cps 5 - 10 cps

20. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises20 Contamination Data (Contd)

21. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises21 How to Present Radiological Data (5) Isotopic data: Reverse-engineered to fit the dispersion and dose projection results Provide isotopic concentration tables or spectrum

22. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises22 How To Read The Data Provide the data when requested and when deserved Avoid showing time dependent graphs all at once If you make a mistake, admit it and provide the right number All field controllers who are responsible for supplying radiological data must be well trained on how to provide that data

23. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises23 Limitations of Tools Not always realistic Some judgment and interpretation by the controllers necessary Difficult to account for wind variability However, these limitations are not significant given that the aim is to exercise the relationship between surveys and decision- making

24. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises24 Real or Simulated Weather? Simulated weather Easier to produce the radiological data Easier to control the exercise Introduces artificiality Real weather Better test of the coordination between weather and survey teams More realistic Cannot pre-set the radiological survey injects Requires calculations on the fly Requires an extremely good coordination within the control team

25. L-055: Radiological Data for Exercises25 Summary Radiological data is the core of the exercise data Several parameters required, although not all of them may be necessary for a single exercise The development of radiological data requires extensive analysis work The provision of radiological data requires experienced and trained controllers Real weather is better than simulated, but much more difficult to manage