1. Diversity in Biology

2. Taxonomy Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms
A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system
The levels of classification from broadest to most specific:
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

3. Binomial Nomenclature & Classification
Aristotle first classified organisms into two groups
plants
animals
Carolus Linnaeus classified organisms based on similarities and developed the binomial nomenclature (two name system of naming) where each organism is assigned a two-part name.
Aristotle
Carolus Linnaeus

4. Binomial Nomenclature
First name is the Genus name which always has the first letter capitalized
Second name is the species
When printed – use italics
When hand-written – underline the Genus and species

5. Evolutionary History of an Organism
Phylogeny- the evolutionary history of a species
Cladistics- a classification system based on evolutionary history (Phylogeny)
Cladogram- a branching diagram that shows the evolutionary history of a species or group of organisms.
Shows when in history certain traits developed.

6. Not Quite Living: Viruses
Viruses cannot reproduce without a host cell, cannot grow or develop, cannot respond to stimuli (examples: HIV, HPV, influenza)
Infect living organisms by taking over their cellular functions
Lytic viruses take over immediately and DESTROY the host cells.
Lysogenic viruses incorporate their DNA into host DNA, but they do not take over immediately.
Retroviruses have RNA instead of DNA.

7. Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle

8. 3 Domains Archaea- includes kingdom Archaebacteria
Bacteria- includes kingdom Eubacteria
Eukarya- ALL eukaryotic organisms (includes kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)

9. 6 Kingdoms
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

10. Archaebacteria
Prokaryotes, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs, cell wall lacking peptidoglycan
Examples: Methanogens, halophiles
Live in extreme environments (ie. Deep sea vents, Geothermal pools)

11. Eubacteria
Coccus- round shaped bacteria
Prokaryotes, unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs, cell wall made of peptidoglycan.
Examples: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus aureus
True bacteria that can live practically everywhere
Gram-positive bacteria- no outer membrane around cell wall, stains purple
Gram-negative bacteria- outer membrane around cell wall, stains pink, harder to kill.
Bacillus- rod shaped bacteria
Spirillus- spiral shaped bacteria

12. Protista
Eukaryotes, mostly unicellular, autotrophs or heterotrophs, some have cell walls.
Animal-like Protists (Protozoans)- all unicellular & mobile heterotrophs
Examples: Amoebas, Paramecium (ciliate), Giardia (flagellate), plasmodium (causes malaria).
Plant-like Protists- unicellular (plankton) & multicellular (algae), all autotrophs
Examples: Euglena, diatoms, kelp.
Fungus-like Protists- mostly multicellular decomposers that can move.
Examples: Slime molds, water molds, downy mildews

13. Fungi
Eukaryotes, mostly multicellular, heterotrophs (decomposers), cell walls made of chitin, cannot move
Examples: Mushrooms, yeasts, molds
Reproduce Sexually using spores
Body is made of threadlike structures called hyphae

14. Plantae
mosses
Eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophs, cell walls made of cellulose, cannot move
Non-vascular plants- transports materials by osmosis & diffusion, must live close to water (example: mosses)
Seedless vascular plants- reproduce using spores, transport materials through xylem & phloem (example: Ferns)
ferns

15. Plantae (continued)
Vascular plants- transport materials through xylem & phloem, can survive in many habitats.
Non-seed plants (use spores) & Seed Plants
Two Types of Seed Plants
Gymnosperms
Phylum Coniferophyta – evergreens & conifers
Angiosperms
Phylum Anthophyta – flowering plants

16. Animalia
Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophs, have no cell walls, mobile
Invertebrates (have no spine)
Vertebrates (have a spine)

17. Invertebrate Animals Phylum Porifera – Sponges
Phylum Cnidaria – Jellies, anemone, coral, hydra
Phylum Platyhelminthes – Flatworms (ex. Tapeworm, planaria)
Phylum Nematoda – Roundworms (ex. Heartworms, pinworms)
Phylum Annelida – Segmented worms (ex. Earthworms, leeches)

18. Invertebrate Animals (continued)
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda – snails
Class Cephalopoda – octopus, squid, cuttlefish, sea slugs, nautilus
Class Bivalvia – hinged shells; clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, abalone

19. Invertebrate Animals (continued)
Phylum Arthropoda – hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages
Arachnids – spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks, horseshoe crabs
Crustaceans – pill bugs, barnacles, krill, copepods, shrimp, crayfish, crabs, lobsters
Insects
Centipedes & Millipedes

20. Invertebrate Animals (continued)
Sea Star
Phylum Echinodermata – move using tube feet
Examples: Sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars
Phylum Chordata –
Examples: Tunicates (aka. Sea squirts), Lancelets
Sea Urchins
Tunicates
Sand Dollar
Sea Cucumber
Lancelets

21. Veterbrate Animals (Subphylum Vertebrata)
Class Agnatha- Jawless Fish
No scales, gill slits, fins, ectothermic (body temp. controlled by external environment)
Class Chondricthyes- Cartalaginous Fish
Scales, gills, fins, ectothermic (body temp. controlled by external environment)
Class Osteichthyes- Bony Fish

22. Veterbrate Animals (Subphylum Vertebrata)
Amphibians
Class Amphibia- Amphibians
Moist smooth skin, breathe through skin & lungs (some gills), need water to breed (jelly- like eggs), ectothermic (body temp. controlled by external environment)
Class Reptilia- Reptiles
Scales, lays leathery amniotic eggs on land, ectothermic (body temp. controlled by external environment)
Reptiles

23. Veterbrate Animals (Subphylum Vertebrata)
Class Aves- Birds
Feathers, beaks, wings, hollow bones (flying birds), lays hard amniotic eggs, endothermic (maintains a constant internal body temperature)

24. Veterbrate Animals (Subphylum Vertebrata)
Class Mammalia- Mammals
Hair, live birth, produces milk for young (mammary glands), complex brain/nervous system, endothermic (maintains a constant internal body temperature)
Subclass Monotremata: (egg layers – platypus & echidna)
Subclass Marsupial: (pouch – koala, kangaroo, opossum)
Subclass Eutheria: (placental mammals – humans, whales, dogs, etc.)