1. 医学史 (3) A Brief History of Medicine
Yu Hai
Zhejiang University School of Medicine

2. What is Medicine？什么是医学
Medicine is the art and science concerned with
the maintenance of health and the
prevention, alleviation or cure of disease
（Encyclopedia Britannica)
Medicine is the most humane of sciences, the most
empiric of arts, the most scientific of the
humanities
(Edmund Pellegrino)

3. What is Health？ 什么是健康
 Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity （WHO）
健康就是在身体上、精神上、社会适应上完全处于良好的状态，而不是单纯没有疾病或体弱（世界卫生组织）。

4. What does medicine do Cure or Care ?
To cure sometimes To relieve often
To comfort always
有时能治愈,
往往去帮助,
总是去安慰
(Adirondack Cottage Sanatorium, Saranac Lake, New York)
特罗多 Edward Trudeau
( )

5. The Origin of Medicine
远古医学 Prehistoric Medicine：
神话和传说 mythology and legends
考古发现 archeological discovery

6. Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legends
Asclepius  is the god of medicine and healing in ancient  Greek，love child of  Apollo and Coronis. His mother was killed for being unfaithful to Apollo but the unborn child was rescued from her womb. Asclepius means "to cut open.“
Daughters: Hygeia (hygiene)  and Panacea ("all-healing")
Aesculapius
God of Medicine and healing

7. Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legends
Apollo carried the baby to the Centaur Chiron who raised Asclepius and instructed him in the art of medicine
Chiron-chirurgeon
-surgeon

8. Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legends
The rod of Asclepius
It symbolizes the healing arts by combining the serpent, which in shedding its skin is a symbol of rebirth and fertility with the staff, a symbol of authority befitting the god of Medicine. 
Daughters: Hygeia (hygiene)  and Panacea ("all-healing")
One day Aesculapius killed a snake, but another snake emerged carrying an herbal leaf in his mouth; it placed the leaf on the head of the dead snake, which miraculously revived. The serpent became Aesculapius‘ constant companion. 

9. caduceus
Caduceus
Hermes- son of Zeus and Maia， God of messenger （Mercury）

10. Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legends
God of Chinese Medicine-Shennong (Divine Farmer) - 神农氏（炎帝Yan Emperor）
lived some 5,000 years ago, considered to be the father of Chinese agriculture,
He is said to have tested hundreds of herbs to find their medical value.

11. 远古医学：神话和传说 Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legends
黄帝 Huangdi（Yellow Emperor） (2497 BC-2398 BC)
is considered in Chinese Mythology to be the ancestor of all Han Chinese
Descendants of Yan & Yellow Emperors (炎黃子孙，Yan Huang Zi Sun，means Chinese)
Among his many accomplishments, Huangdi has been credited with the invention of the principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Gōngsūn Xuānyuán (公孙轩辕).

12. Prehistoric Medicine: myths and legends
Qibo 岐伯-“歧黄之学”(medicine, the study of Qi and Huang)
Qibo is said as the minister of Huangdi, Hangdineijin is the a book comprising the dialogues regarding medicinal problems between Huangdi and Qibo.
Qibo might actually have been Hippocrates-according to sinologist Paul Unschuld
Tongjun 桐君 Minister of Huangdi, practitioner and pharmacist (Tongjun Hill)
桐 君
歧 伯

13. Prehistoric Medicine-archeological discovery
The Hemudu (河姆渡) culture  (5000 BC to 4500 BC) was a Neolithic culture in Yuyao, Zhejiang
Animal part (shells of pangolin, turtle shell) and plant seeds , camphor leaves which are still used for traditional medicine were discovered in the Hemudu relics
Reptile

14. Stone age man’s medicine
The mummified body of iceman was discovered in the Tyrolean Alps in Northern Italy in 1991.
In his possessions a birch fungus,
Piptoporus betulinus was found, which contains oils that are toxic to certain parasites, thus acting as a form of natural drug.
in the man's colon the eggs of a parasitic whipworm (Trichuris trichiura)
Iceman lived in 5300 years ago stone age
The fungus may be used as natural medicine

15. Prehistoric Medicine-archeological discovery
Stone and bone needles were discovered considered to be used as acupuncture
(针-金 metal needle
砭-石，stone needle
箴-竹，bamboo needle)

16. mammoth

17. Excavated in Dawenkou Shandong, China
山东大汶口出土 （Neolithic age 5000 year ago， occipital bone ）

18. trephination 颅骨环钻术 (Peru)

19. 颅骨环钻术（穿颅术） Trephination
( B.C. Neolithic period)
for both medical reasons (epileptic  seizures, migraines and mental disorders and mystical practices by letting evil spirits escape done by wizard

20. Prehistoric Medicine-Trephination
Trepanation is surgery in which a hole is drilled into the human skull to treat epidural and subdural or subarachnoid hematomas 
1497
18th Century French

21. Prehistoric medicine-witch-doctor
Prehistoric societies believed in both the natural and supernatural being able to variably cause and treat disease. It was believed that evil spirits could inhabit the body and cause illness within someone.  
Medicine Men (witch-doctors/shamans) maintained the health of their tribe by gathering and distributing herbs, performing minor surgical procedures  providing medical advice and supernatural treatments, such as charms, spells and amulets  to ward off evil spirits
巫医 Witch-doctor

22. 医字的演变 Evolution of the character 医醫 毉
酉wine alcohol
巫 witch
wizard

23. 古代四大文明
China
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia
India
Egypt

24. 古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt 4000 B.C. Invention of hieroglyph
3100 B.C. First dynasty

25. 古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt 伊姆荷太普(Imhotep）
was an Egyptian polymath who served under the Third Dynasty king Djoser (2650 BC-2600 BC) as chancellor to the pharaoh and considered to be the first engineer, architect and physician in history known by name.
The founder of Egyptian medicine and the God of Medicine

26. 古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt
The embalming of mummy shows highly advanced the knowledge of human anatomy and preservation technique (mummification）
Brain was taken from sinuses ethmoidal

27. 古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt
CT scanning for mummy of Tutankhamun to find the cause of death (gangrene after breaking his left leg )
Tutankhamun (1341–1323 BC)

28. 古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt 2000-1500 BC 纸草 (Papyrus)文献
The Ebers papyrus (circa BC) is full of incantations and foul applications meant to turn away disease-causing demons, and also includes 877 prescriptions.
Edward Smith Papyrus is a textbook on surgery and details anatomical observations and the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous ailments. It was probably written around 1600 BC, but is regarded as a copy of several earlier texts. Medical information in it dates from as early as 3000 BC.  Imhotep  is credited as the original author of the papyrus text.
（salicylic acid from willow tree bark-aspirin)

29. 古埃及的医学 Ancient Egypt
Other information comes from the images that often adorn the walls of Egyptian tombs and the accompanying inscriptions. 
A ceremonial circumcision. In the tomb of Ankh-ma-hor of the 6th Dynasty (circa 2200 BC)

30. Ancient Egyptian medical instruments depicted in a Ptolemaic period inscription on the Temple of Kom Ombo.
A victim of Poliomyelitis with typical polio-derived equinovarus (horse hoof foot)
18th Dynasty BC

31. 古巴比伦的医学 Ancient Babylon
Cradle of human civilization
B.C Sumer
2000 B.C. Babylon
7th century  Islamic Sassanid Empire (Iraq)
The Hanging Garden and Tower of Babil

32. 古巴比伦的医学 Ancient Babylon
Well developed astronomy, mathematics and medicine
The most extensive Babylonian medical text, however, is the Diagnostic Handbook written by the physician Esagil-kin-apli,
If a patient could not be cured physically, the Babylonian physicians often relied on exorcism to cleanse the patient from any curses.
wee
楔形文字 cuneiform (arrowheaded characters; wedge-shaped characters)

33. 古巴比伦的医学 Ancient Babylon
Code of Hammurabi (the sixth Babylonian king B.C) contained 282 laws，law 215~240 is concerned about physicians, barbers and architect etc.
 "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth"
Louvre Museum in Paris discovered in 1901
stele

34. 古印度的医学 Ancient India Indus Valley Civilization back to 3300 BC
Four period of ancient Indian medicine:
Veda
Brahman
Buddhist
Hindu
Dravidian (Davidian)-Aryans

35. 古印度的医学 Ancient India Indian Medicine Taj Mahal Mausoleum
vadic period BC-500 BC
Ayurvedic period 500BC-600AD
Islamic period AD
Western Medicine 1600 AD-
Sanskrit
The three doshas (energy) (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) and the 5 great elements (Ether, Water, Fire, Earth, Air) from which they are composed (Vata= air+ether, Pita=fire+water, Kapha=earth+water). Body constitutions are depends the proportion of different doshas
Taj Mahal Mausoleum

37. 古印度的医学 Ancient India 妙闻 Sushruta
Sushruta (Around 800 BC)  was an ancient Indian surgeon and is the author of the book Sushruta Samhita, in which he describes over 300 surgical procedures and 120 surgical instruments and classifies human surgery in 8 categories, so he is honored as the father of surgery.
妙闻 Sushruta

38. 印度鼻成形术 Italian Gasparo Tagliacozzi （1546－1599）
with skin flap from forearm
Indian rhinoplasty first developed by Sushruta

39. 中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine
《山海经》Shanhaijing,
an encyclopedia compiled in Spring-autumn and warring period ( BC)
137 drugs recorded including 76 animal drug and 54 plant and 7 others with clear medical effects
Nipples as eye Navel as mouth

40. 中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine
《黄帝内经》The  Huangdi Neijing (Inner Canon of Huangdi) compiled in warring states period（ B.C）is the fundamental doctrinal source for Chinese medicine
The work is composed of two texts each of eighty-one chapters or treatises in a question-and-answer format between Huangdi and his ministers.
素问 灵枢 （suwen and lingshu）

41. 中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine
《神农本草经》Shennong Bencaojing
First compiled in Western Han Dynasty (202BC-26AD)
This work is considered to be the earliest Chinese 
pharmacopeia.
It includes 365
medicines derived
from minerals,
plants, and animals. ”
Changshan (Radix dichroa)-malaria
Dahuang (Chinese Rhubarb)-catharsis
Huanglian (rhizoma coptidis, berberine)-diarrhea

42. 中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine
哲学基础- “阴阳五行”
Philosophical basis- Yingyang and 5 Element theory

43. 中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine
 Zhang Zhongjing (张仲景), “the Hippocrates of China”, who was mayor of Changsha toward the end of the 2nd century AD, wrote a  Treatise on Cold Damage (伤寒论）, which contains the earliest known reference to Neijing Suwen.
张仲景

44. 中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine
Hua Tuo (华佗）Eastern Han physician  (c. 140 – c. 208 AD), who anesthetized patients during surgery with a formula of wine and powdered hemp (麻沸汤）. Hua‘s physical, surgical, and herbal treatments were also used to cure headaches, dizziness, internal worms, fevers, coughing, blocked throat, and even a diagnosis for one lady that she had a dead fetus within her that needed to be taken out. 

45. Hua Tuo （ ）

46. 中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine
 Huangfu Mi (皇甫谧），the Jin Dynasty practitioner and advocate of  acupuncture and moxibustion  ( AD), also quoted the Yellow Emperor in his Zhengjiu Jiayi jing (针灸甲乙经), ca. 265 AD.
皇甫谧（215－282）

47. 中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese Medicine
Li Shizhen (李时珍) ( AD) created “Bencao Gangmu.” (本草纲目Herb Pharmacopoeia）It contains 1892 herbs, classified in 6 sections, 52 scrolls,
and 60
categories.
李时珍1518－1593）

48. Li Shizhen ( )
Compendium of Materia Medica

49. Egypt Babylon India China Greek Rome Mediaeval Arabia (Islamic)
Origin of Medicine
Egypt Babylon India China
Greek
Rome
Mediaeval Arabia (Islamic)
Renaissance
Pre-modern medicine
Modern medicine TCM

50. Thanks