1. Information literacy:
sources, references,
plagiarism and
library information
Vibeke Bårnes
UB, University Library, UiT 2016

2. Contents 1. Sources and source criticism 2. Search techniques
3. Citations and references
4. Plagiarism and cheating
5. Regulations for examinations at UiT
6. Library information
The whole lecture on this web address:

3. Textbook - where to find information - search tips - source criticism
- plagiarism and cheating
- quotations, citations and references
- referencing tecniques
- citation examples
- writing papers
Bårnes, Vibeke and Mariann Løkse (2014): Information literacy: How to find, evaluate and cite sources. Oslo: Cappelen Damm Akademisk. (NOK 249,-)

4. Revolutions in information
The art of writing: ca BC
The art of printing: about 1450 AD
The Internet: 1990s «The art of searching, surfing and sharing»
Global, digital and online information and communication
Historical perspective: How did people transfer knowledge to next generations/future?

5. What is information literacy?
knowing that you need (new) information
knowing where to find information
knowing how much information is needed
being able to search, localize and evaluate this information
assessing relevance and quality of the sources
being able to use this information in a critical, effective and ethical way (=referencing in accordance with academic norms)
Academic context: What is it to be information literate?

6. Why information literacy?
In the western academic tradition it is expected that you build your reasoning and argumentation on scientific, published sources.
It is necessary to differentiate information in order to be able to recognize what is and what is not academic and reliable and to sort out what is good, useful and relevant for our purpose (= source criticism).
It is also expected that you use this information according to ethical and academic standards and norms (academic integrity).

7. 1. What is a source?
- a statement, book, text, sign or any document providing arguments, evidence, data or information for research.
(The Concise Oxford English Dictionary )
All research is based on sources.

8. Types of sources Books Journal articles
Reference works (encyclopaedias etc.)
Lectures
Theses
People
News/newspaper
The Internet
Remember: All sources you refer to must be documented in your text.

9. NB: Sources on the Internet
Often no quality control or responsible editor «Anybody may write anything at any time almost anywhere.»
You have to be able to sort out the good and relevant information from the bad and irrelevant.
You have to do the source criticism and quality assurance on Internet sources yourself.
Copyright rules apply to all sources, included the Internet.
Keep print-outs of web pages for later documentation

10. Quality on the Internet
1. The open web:
Search engines like Google, Bing, Yahoo! etc.
> Generally little quality assurance
2. The deep web: portals, databases etc.
> Quality assurance
Try Google Scholar:
(“academic” google)

11. How to quality assure your search
Search: terrorism and norway (terror* and norw*)
Google: ca ( ) hits
Google scholar: (18500) hits (link:UBT fulltext)
Oria (library catalogue): 563 (47007)
UB database (e.g. Worldwide Political Science Abstracts):
81 (77 peer-reviewed) and 148 (126 peer-reviewed)
Which one would you prefer?
Peer-reviewed: quality assured by other experts in the field.

12. Questions to all sources
Who is the author?
Who is the publisher?
Who is the document aimed at?
How trustworthy is it?
Is it peer-reviewed (quality-assured)?
Is it biased or impartial?
How relevant is it (for my purpose)?
Context?
Updates?
References?

13. Summing up A good source has to be a relevant source.
Your subject or topic makes a source a source.
Consult/compare different sources on the same topic. («One source is no source.»)
All thoughts/ideas/assertions not your own, must be documented!
Be loyal to the sources you use.
Source criticism is to be able to sort out academic and relevant information.
Be critical to the sources you use, especially sources from the open web.

14. Search tip 1
Avoid general search words, like society, women or theory, unless you add more specific words to your search:
women and migration or
women and migration and education
Use truncation mark *
wom* and migra* and educat*

15. Search tip 2 Combine search words with AND, OR or NOT
prostitu* AND poverty*
prostitu* OR trafficking* (synonym)
prostitu* NOT wom* (omitting a term)

16. Search tip 3 Phrase search
when you search for a phrase with a certain order, try quotation marks:
«nelson mandela»
«contemporary postcolonial theory»
«fair trade coffee»

17. Search tip 4 Is the word correctly written? Try with a synonym
None or few hits?
Is the word correctly written?
Try with a synonym
NB: American English (globalization, labor) will normally give more hits than British English (globalisation, labour)
NB: Avoid the problem by truncating to globali* and labo*r
Try again!
Ask for help!

18. Search tip 5 Other search tips (for Google.scholar, Wikipedia etc.)
Filetype: information literacy filetype:ppt
A certain web site: «alternative medicine» site:no
Omit a word (minus): slave trade europe–USA
Definitions: define:empirical
A word in the web address/url: fauna inurl:arctic
Word in title: intitle:circumcision
Images: (Paste an image or an image link and search for similar images)
Try advanced search for other details

19. 3. Quotations and citations
Freedom of expression
Democratic principle
The right to quote
Free exchange of ideas and opinions
Sharing of knowledge
Show your knowledge of the literature in your field of research.
Retrieving the original source
Due respect for the originator of the work

20. Citations and references
Don’t cite too much
According to the Copyright Act, you can cite other sources, free of charge and without asking the author’s permission. But the citation must be within certain limits.
Citations must always be documented
Whenever you quote, paraphrase or in some other way refer to other people’s works, thoughts or ideas, the source must always be cited and the references must be correctly documented in your paper.

21. The Copyright Act
§ 1. Any person who creates a literary, scientific or artistic work shall have the copyright therein.
§ 3. Both when copies of a literary, scientific or artistic work are produced, and when it is made available to the public, the author is entitled to have his name stated in the manner required by proper usage.
§ 22. An issued work may be quoted, in accordance with proper usage and to the extent necessary to achieve the desired purpose.
The Intellectual Property Rights Act ( Act of 12 May 1961)
ACT NO. 2 OF 12 MAY 1961 RELATING TO COPYRIGHT IN LITERARY, SCIENTIFIC AND ARTISTIC WORKS, ETC., WITH SUBSEQUENT AMENDMENTS, LATEST OF 17 JUNE 2005

22. Referencing Referencing: citing other’s work in your text.
The source has to be incorporated in your text.
You refer to each source in two places:
cited in the running text
alphabetically in the reference list at the end.

23. Two forms of citations
1. Direct quotations: word by word (without changing anything)
2. Indirect quotation (paraphrasing): rephrasing using your own words to express other people’s ideas
Easier to integrate into your own text
NB: Both forms require you to cite the source!

24. 1. Direct quotation 2 : Indented quotation 1. In-text quotation
(more than 3 lines, no quotation marks, but indented/left space in the text):
He says about the Internet that:
The web defines itself as a space that belongs to all, and it precludes a sense of the past. There are no nationalities on the Web (except, of course, for the fact that its lingua franca is a watered-down version of English), and there is no censorship (except that governments are finding ways to ban access to certain sites) (Manguel 2006: ).
It’s a good point, but…
1. In-text quotation
(less than 3 lines, in quotation marks):
Manguel (2006:224) says about the Internet that ”There are no nationalities on the Web …, and there is no censorship …” It’s a good point, but…
or:
He says about the Internet that ”There are no nationalities on the Web …, and there is no censorship …” (Manguel 2006: 224). It’s a good point, but…

25. 2. From direct to indirect quotation
1. Direct quote (words by words):
Manguel (2006:224) says about the Internet that ”There are no nationalities on the Web..., and there is no censorship…” It’s a good point, but…
2. Indirect quotation (your own words):
As Manguel (2006:224) says there are no nationalities and censorship on the Internet. It’s a good point, but….
Remember! Always the complete reference at the end:
Manguel, Alberto (2006): The library at night. New Haven: Yale University Press.

26. Remember In the text: Short reference: Manguel (2006: 224)
At the end: Complete reference:
Manguel, Alberto (2006): The library at night. New Haven: Yale University Press.

27. Footnotes
Footnotes and endnotes can be supplements, comments or digressions that are not a natural part of the running text.
A footnote can be a number in the text referring to a note or reference at the bottom of the page, at the end of the chapter or at the end of the book.

28. Footnotes Example from a text in a book*:
Our future paperless society, defined by Bill Gates in a paper book245, is a society without history, since everything on the Web is instantly contemporary…
Notes at the end of the book:
245. Gates, Bill (1996): The Road Ahead. New York: Penguin.
* Manguel, Alberto (2006): The library at night. New Haven: Yale University Press.

29. Some reference examples
A book with one or more authors:
Garcia, Ofelia and Li Wel (2014): Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
A book with editor(s):
Elbadawi, Ibrahim and Samir Makdisi (eds.)(2011): Democracy in the Arab World. London: Routledge.
An article from a journal:
Thuen, Trond (2002): "Cultural policies on the North Calotte”. Acta Borealia, vol.19, no. 2:
A chapter in a book/anthology:
Wimmer, Andreas (2004): ”Dominant ethnicity and dominant nationhood”. In: Kaufmann, Eric P.(ed.): Rethinking ethnicity: Majority groups and dominant minorities. London: Routledge.

30. Publications without authors:
Official documents, statistics, laws, newspapers etc The title is the entry word.
In the reference list:
The Guardian, 21 Jan 2014:14: ”Single mothers fight prejudice in China”.
In the text:
(The Guardian 2014)

31. Reference to an Internet source
1. With URL (web-address):
Aslaksen, Silje (2010): «Oil and democracy: More than a cross-country correlation ?». Journal of Peace Research 47(4): 421 – (Accessed 31 July 2015)
2. or with DOI-code (when available):
Aslaksen, Silje (2010): «Oil and democracy: More than a cross-country correlation ?». Journal of Peace Research 47(4): 421 – 431. DOI: /

32. Check list: Bibliographical data
Books:
Author: lastname, first name
Date: year
Title: and subtitle (in italics)
Source: place and publisher for books.
Articles:
Authors name,
Year
”Title of the article”
Periodical/journal’s title (in italics)
Volume/issue, number: pages
Internet sites:
URL/web address + exact date (accessed yyyymmdd)
or DOI-code

33. Remember
A reference list may also be called: Bibliography, References, Literature or Works cited.
All books, articles/journals, web and online materials you have referred to in your paper, should be listed at the end of the work.
The reference list should be alphabetically after the authors’ last name (or by title when author(s) lack).
The title of the source has to be in italics.
All bibliographical informations are necessary in order to refind/retrieve the sources.

34. Different citation styles
You will see that citations/references may vary in the way they are organized (different manual styles like APA, Chicago, Harvard, MLA, Vancouver etc.)
Arrange with your supervisor/teacher which citation style or standard to use
NB: Whichever style you use – be consistent.
Don’t use several styles in one document.

35. Do you need help with your references?
An electronical tool to help manage your citations and references. Free downloading from the UiT.
Check the UiT website for information or contact our staff.
We also arrange separate courses for groups Contact:
More information here:

36. When do we have to put up references?
You have to document your references when you use other people’s data, thoughts, ideas, theories, arguments or conclusions in your own work/papers.
Academic honesty and respect for the origin of the sources are both expected and required.
Lack of correct references is concidered cheating or plagiarism.

37. Some exceptions?
You do not need references on general and common known facts (”what everybody knows”):
Norway does not belong to the EU.
Leonardo da Vinci was born in Italy in 1492.
Kant is considered as one of the greatest philosophers.
UiT is the northernmost university in the world.
But if you have doubts about it, use references.

38. NB: About academic writing
Other people’s words: It is expected that you use other people’s work (by citing and referring), and often that you also use literature beyond the curriculum.
Your own words: It is also expected that you use these citations and references to discuss, document, argue, analyze and conclude your theme or topic.
By balancing your own words with other texts you will show your academic ability to handle literature in an independent, relevant and critical way.

39. Science is always based on previous research
Sir Isaac Newton ( ):
«If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.»
Vitenskap og forskning bygger alltid på det andre har skapt.

40. other people’s work as your own.
4. Plagiarism
To present
other people’s work as your own.
Plagiarus (latin): kidnapper

41. Cheating and plagiarism
Oxford Reference Online Premium:
Cheating:
”to act dishonestly or unfairly in order to gain an advantage.”
Plagiarism:
“the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.”

42. What is plagiarism? - copying/duplicating other people’s work
- copying sources without references
- copying/duplicating other people’s work
- illegal cooperation
- ”cut and paste”
- buying papers
- reusing your own former paper
(self plagiarism)

43. The ethical perspective
Plagiarism and cheating is a serious breach of confidence and trust between teacher and student
Plagiarism is unfair and disloyal to other students
… and you don’t learn very much by copying others!

44. …but I didn’t know it was plagiarism! Source: Google image
It may be a difference between dp and ap, but if you are accused of plagiarism there is now excuse bcause you should know the difference.

45. If it’s not your words, cite it!
- maintain a system for referencing
- ensure that they are correct
- show respect for other peoples’ work
- acknowledge earlier research
- be critical and ethical in handling sources
Always cite and refer to your sources in a proper way

46. 1.How to avoid plagiarism
If it’s not your words, cite it!
Don’t submit someone else’s work as your own!
- always list your sources
- maintain a system for referencing
- ensure that they are correct
- show respect for other peoples’ work
- acknowledge earlier research
- be critical and ethical in handling sources
Always cite and refer to your sources in a proper way

47. 2. How to avoid plagiarism
If you write assignments/home exams in collaboration with others, you are responsible for the complete paper (including the sources ), not just the segments you have worked on.
Don’t plagiarize yourself!
If you study related topics, don’t copy parts or the whole paper of an earlier work and submit it as a «new» one. But you may refer to yourself as you will do to others.

48. 3. How to avoid plagiarism Always list up your sources!
Source: (Accessed 4 Aug 2015)

49. Consequences of cheating
Annulled exam
Up to 1 year expulsion from any institution in the country

50. Student/institution obligations
The student is obliged to keep informed about the institution’s requirements for written papers/exams.
Don’t assume that the rules and regulations are the same as in your home country In Norway you have to follow Norwegians rules.
The university will offer the students information on correct use of sources and references.

51. 5. Regulations for examinations at the UiT
Section 19: The use of sources and permitted examination supports during examinations: The copying or transcribing of scientific and technical literature in take-home assignments and other written works without references will be assessed as cheating. Permitted examination support in written examinations is specified on the examination’s cover paper. The relevant faculty/NFH is responsible for the approval and control of such examination supports. Mobile telephones and other communication devices are prohibited from examination venues.

52. Section 20: Cheating during examinations
The use of examination supports other than those specified on the cover paper will be regarded as cheating. In the event that a student has prohibited examination supports available once the examination has begun, this will be treated as an attempt to cheat. In the event that suspicions about cheating or attempting to cheat arise during an examination, the candidate will be made aware as soon as possible that the situation will be reported. The candidate must then choose whether he/she will complete the examination or leave the examination venue. In the event that the candidate chooses to complete the examination, the paper shall be submitted as assessed in the normal manner. Candidates who are caught cheating or attempting to cheat during an examination can be excluded from the university and lose the right to sit the examination at any other institution for a period of up to one year.
Adopted by the University Board on (case S 74/05) in accordance with Norwegian Universities’ Act ( ), subsections 3-9 and 3-10.

53. Home exams 90% of the plagiarism cases concerns home exams
Report from the Department of Research and Academic Affairs
2013: 15 of 20 “irregular cases” (cheating and plagiarism) at UiT ended up with annulled exams and/or one or two semesters expulsion from all universities.

54. Plagiarism control system
A text recognition software (Ephorus) that is able to check documents, reports, theses and dissertations by comparing the work of students with millions of previously submitted documents, and also with billions of Internet sources.

55. How to avoid plagiarism?
Don’t submit someone else’s work as your own!
Always list your sources
Ensure that your references are correct
If you write assignments/home exams in collaboration with others, you are responsible for the complete paper (including the sources ), not just the segments you have worked on.
Don’t plagiarize yourself!
If you study related topics, don’t copy parts or the whole paper of an earlier work and submit it as a «new» one. But you may refer to yourself as you will do to others.

56. Test yourself! Where do you cross the line?
Copying a paragraph verbatim (word by word) from a source without any acknowledgement
2. Copying a paragraph and making small changes - e.g. replacing a few verbs, replacing an adjective with a synonym; acknowledgement in the bibliography
3. Cutting and pasting a paragraph by using sentences of the original but omitting one or two and putting one or two in a different order, no quotation marks; with an in-text acknowledgement plus bibliography
4. Composing a paragraph by taking short phrases from a number of sources and putting them together using words of your own to make a coherent whole with an in-text acknowledgement plus bibliography.
5. Paraphrasing a paragraph by rewriting with substantial changes in language and organisation; the new version will also have changes in the amount of detail used and the examples cited; acknowledgement in bibliography + text
6. Quoting a paragraph by placing it in block format with the source cited in text & bibliography
[Examples 5 and 6 are ok, the others are plagiarism.]
From Carroll, J. (2001). "What kinds of solutions can we find for plagiarism?" The Higher Education Academy. [ ]

57. 6. Library information
Abbreviations:
UB = Universitetsbiblioteket = University Library, UiT
Three main libraries on campus Breivika:
KS-Library = Culture and Social Sciences Library (Kultur og Samfunn)
NH-Library = Science and Health Library (Natur og Helse)
PJ-Library = Psychology and Law library (Psykologi og jus)

58. Opening hours: KS: Monday - Friday: 0800-2100 (8-9)
Saturday: (8-3)
PJ: Monday – Friday: (8-9)
NH: Monday - Friday: (8-8)
NB. Summer opening hours vary from library to library.

59. Borrowing books
Your student card is also your library card. Your library number/Patron ID is written on the back (uit ).
Circulation time is 4 weeks for books and iPads, 2 weeks for journals and 1 week for DVDs and CDs.
Loans may be renewed at the library or through Oria.no (My account) or at the desk, by mail or by phone.
Buying books
If you want to buy your own books, there is a bookstore, Akademisk Kvarter, situated under the KS-library.

60. Reserving a document
If the book you need has a note in Oria.no saying : on loan, reserved, contact the library etc. You have to sign in and reserve it yourself.
To reserve a document: click: order/reserve and write your library number (Patron ID) and your last name.
When the document is available, you will get an or SMS saying that you can come to the library and get it.
My account: log in and renew loans, keep track of all your loans, reservations etc.

61. Interlibrary loans
If the library doesn’t have the document you need:
we will order it from another library (interlibrary loan)
or you may ask the library to buy the book (and reserve it in your name)

62. The physical library 3 libraries on campus Printed books and journals
Reference books
Reading areas on all levels.
Public terminals
Free printing, copying and scanning
Open network
Open from (8 am - 9 pm)
Information desk: (12-2 pm)

63. The online library
The University Library subscribes to international journals e-books databases.
All in full text.
Library PressDisplay: fulltext database containing more than 4000 newspapers from 100 countries in 60 languages.
Free access on campus and at the student homes. Elsewhere you have to connect to the VPN (see UB’s homepage)

64. Where to search for documents?
Starting point: The website of the University Library:
Library search (uit.oria.no) contains information on books, e-books, journals/e-journals, journal articles, theses etc. (where they are located in the library or if they are electronically fulltext )

67. 2. How to search in Library search
1. By title (a book or an article):
e.g.: Sjoberg, Laura and Caron E. Gentry (eds.) (2011): Women, gender and terrorism. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
You may write: sjoberg women terror*
Your hit will say: UBT/KS, Wom (printed book)
or: Full text available (e-book)
2. By key words (if you don’t have a title):
You may write: terror* wom*
You may refine/limit your results on the left side or add more specific search terms (e.g. terror* wom* europe*)
(KS indicates which library you’ll find the book. The number ( Wom) indicates where in the library the book is placed.)

68. Library search: http://uit.oria.no

70. Where to search for databases in your field?
Library search (Oria) → Databases → Category→ : e.g. Social sciences → Sub-category →e.g. Peace studies → Find databases
Political science (36 databases)
Sociology (29)
Social Anthropology (28)
Peace studies (30)
Education (25)
Indigenous peoples studies (25)
Economy (15)
Religious studies (15)
History (32)
Philosophy (5)
Archaeology (16)
ALL

71. Some useful databases (all subjects)
Library search (Oria): library documents
MUNIN: fulltext, digital archive from UiT (master/doctoral theses etc.)
PROQUEST Research library: fulltext articles from international journals etc. Contains 51 subject databases
JSTOR: fulltext digital archive back to first issue
Web of Science: international citations and articles
SCOPUS: abstract/citation database
CIAO: international affairs
Guide to the United Nation Human Rights Documentation
Contemporary Women’s Issues (CWI)
Index islamicus, HIGH NORTH Research Documents
The World Fact Book: updated public information
Google Scholar: ”academic” google
Etc.

72.
Information Literacy
course
Online

73. Search and write: http://sokogskriv.no/en/

74. VIKO: http://www.ntnu.no/viko/english

75. Ting tar tid! (Things take time!)
To become information literate and source critical is a matter of training and experience
-Read a lot!
-Write a lot!
-Skim through documents
-Check out table of contents,
introductions or summaries
-Take notes
-Make keywords/search terms
-Sort out relevant information
-Read it carefully/thoroughly (in-depth)
-Discuss with others
-Discuss with yourself
-Keep reading and writing!
-Take breaks! Take a walk!

76. Good luck with your stay, your studies and your exams!
Information literacy as entertainment:
YouTube: Medieval helpdesk (NRK, 3 minutes)
YouTube: A plagiarism carol (Et plagieringseventyr) (University Library of Bergen, 5 minutes)
Good luck with your stay, your studies and your exams!