Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
1
Microbiology: A Systems Approach
PowerPoint to accompany Microbiology: A Systems Approach Cowan/Talaro Chapter 5 Eucaryotic Cells and Microorganisms Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2
Chapter 5 Topics Eucaryotes External structures Internal structures
Fungi Protists Helminths
3
Eucaryotes External and internal structures are more complex than procaryotes Examples of eucaryotes Yeast Protozoa Algae Helminths Animal cells
4
The structure of algae, yeast and protozoa.
Fig. 5.2 The structure of three representative eucaryotic cells
5
External Structures Appendages Glycocalyx Cell wall Cell membrane
Flagella Cilia Glycocalyx Cell wall Cell membrane
6
A flagellum enables locomotion, and is composed of microtubules, arranged in a 9 + 2 fashion.
Fig. 5.3 The structure of microtubules
7
Paramecium have cilia, which are similar to flagella but are smaller and more numerous.
Fig. 5.4 Structure and locomotion in ciliates
8
Glycocalyx Complex outer layer Protection Adherence
polysaccharides and network fibers Protection Adherence Reception of signals from other cells and the environment
9
Cell wall Chitin Glycoprotein Mixed glycans
10
Cell membrane Various sterols within the membrane will increase rigidity and stability Some cells will only possess a membrane Embedded transport proteins
11
A representation of the glycocalyx, cell wall, and membrane.
Fig. 5.5 Boundary structure
12
Internal Structures Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria Chloroplast (photosynthetic cells only) Ribosomes Cytoskeleton
13
Nucleus Membrane bound organelle Chromatin- chromosomal DNA
Nucleolus- site for RNA synthesis Histones-proteins that associate with DNA during mitosis
14
An electron micrograph section of the nucleus showing its contents.
Fig. 5.6 The nucleus
15
Eucaryotic cell division involves mitosis, in which the cell and nucleus undergo several stages of change. Fig. 5.7 changes in the cell and nucleus
16
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Two types Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) Nuclear envelope form membrane for the ER
17
RER Coated with ribosomes Site of proteins synthesis
Transport material from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and cell membrane Transitional vesicles
18
The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is the site of protein synthesis and transport into the cistern. Fig. 5.8 The origin and detailed structure of the RER
19
Golgi apparatus Closely associated with the ER
Site for protein modification Cisternae – noncontinuous membrane network Condensing vesicles
20
Transitional vesicles leave the ER and enter the Golgi apparatus,and condensing vesicles leave the Golgi apparatus. Fig. 5.9 Detail of the Golgi apparatus
21
Organelles cooperate in protein synthesis and transport.
Fig.5.10 The transport process
22
Lysosomes are transitional vesicles that contain enzymes for digestion of food particles.
Fig The origin and action of lysosomes in phagocytosis
23
Mitochondria Site of energy generation
Cristae-folds of the inner membrane Matrix-consist of ribosomes, DNA, and enzymes
24
The structure of the mitochondria and its contents.
Fig General structure of a mitochondrion
25
Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis
Thylakoids- folded membrane containing the green pigment chlorophyll Stroma- surrounds the thylakoids
26
The thylakoid is the site for the transformation of solar energy to chemical energy, which is then used to synthesize carbohydrates in the stroma. Fig Detail of an algal chloroplast
27
Ribosomes Associated with proteins synthesis
Present in the cytoplasm and the surface of the ER
28
Cytoskeleton Anchor organelles Cellular structural support
Enable cell shape changes Two types Microfilaments Microtubules
29
Microfilaments allow movement of molecules in the cytoplasm, and microtubules maintain shape of the cell and enable movement of molecules within the cell. Fig A model of the cytoskeleton
30
Fungi Present in nature (ex. mushrooms)
Medically important (ex. athlete’s foot) Industrially important (ex. fermentation)
31
Fungi Classification Morphology Reproduction (asexual and sexual)
32
Morphology and Reproduction
Hyphae cell Septate nonseptate Yeast cells Single cells Pseudohypha Reproduction Asexual and sexual process
33
A scanning electron micrograph of the hyphae cells.
Fig Diplodia maydis, a pathogenic fungus
34
A scanning electron micrograph of yeast cells, and the budding reproductive process .
Fig Microscopic morphology of yeasts
35
An example of the mold Rhizopus, and its stages of hyphae reproduction.
Fig Functional types of hyphae using the mold as an example.
36
Asexual spore formation involves the mitotic division of a single parental cell.
Fig Types of asexual mold spores
37
Sexual spore formation involves the fusion of two parental nuclei followed by meiosis.
Fig Formation of zygospores
38
Mushrooms undergo sexual spore formation.
Fig Formation of basidiospores in a mushroom
39
Subkingdoms of Fungi Amastigomycota Perfect Imperfect Mastigomycota
40
Black bread mold is classified as a Amastigomycota (Perfect).
Fig A representative Zygomycota
41
Penicillium is another example Amastigomycota (Perfect).
Fig A common Ascomycota
42
Mycelium is classified as an Amastigomycota (Imperfect).
Fig Mycelium and spores of a representative of Deuteromycota
43
Fungi are capable of causing superficial and systemic infections.
Table 5.2 Major fungal infections of humans
44
Protista Algae Protozoa
45
Algae Photosynthetic Inhabitants of fresh and marine waters
Most are not considered human pathogens Pathogens produce toxins (ex. red tide) Unique morphology enables identification
46
Algae contain green chlorophyll as well as other pigments which include yellow, red and brown.
Fig Representative microscopic algae
47
Protozoa Complex structure and function
Ectoplasm and endoplasm Pseudopods, flagella, cilia Inhabitants of fresh water and soil Heterotrophs Reproduction (asexual) Trophozoite Encystment
48
An example of the complex structure associated with the protozoa Trichomonas vaginalis.
Fig The structure of a typical mastigophoran
49
Typical life cycle associated with most protozoa.
Fig The general life cycle exhibited by many protozoa.
50
Medically important protozoa
Amoeboid protozoa Brain infections Flagellated protozoa Giardiasis Apicomplexan protozoa Malaria
51
Representation of pathogenic amoebas, and nonpathogenic shelled amoebas.
Fig Examples of sarcodinians
52
Representation of a ciliated protozoa, which are generally free-living and harmless.
Fig Selected ciliate representatives
53
Representation of an apicomplexa, which are considered an intracellular parasite.
Fig Sporozoan protozoan
54
The cycle of transmission involves the protozoa, host and vectors.
Fig Cycle of transmission in Chagas disease
55
The stages of development and transmission of amoebic dysentery in the human host.
Fig Stages in the infection and transmission of Amoebic dysentery
56
Helminths Tapeworms Flukes Roundworms
Unique structural morphology enables identification
57
Helminths are multicellular animals with organ-like systems.
Fig Parasitic flatworms
58
The pinworm life cycle in the human host.
Fig The life cycle of the pinworm, a roundworm
59
Humans serve as a host for the life cycle of many different parasitic helminths.
Table 5.4 Major helminths of humans and their modes of transmission.
Similar presentations
© 2024 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.