1. Unit 6: Antebellum America

2. *Sectionalism
Feeling more loyal to a certain part of the country than to the country as a whole. You identify with that section more.

3. Background By 1820, sectionalism has begun to grow
*North—industrial economy, trade
*South—agricultural economy, slavery
The North and South had completely different economic outlooks
Affected politics
South—state’s rights (South Carolina Nullification Crisis, 1828 and 1832)
North—strong central government

4. Slavery Abolished in the North
Never allowed in the Northwest Territory
*Cotton gin, 1793 (Eli Whitney)
Cotton was previously a side crop, tobacco was the money maker
More slaves were needed as KING COTTON extended from NC, SC, AL, GA, MS, LA, to TX
*Slavery became an economic necessity for plantation owners

5. The Cotton Gin

6. Building up to the Civil War
Congress
11 free and 11 slave states
Missouri would petition to enter, this would upset the balance of power
*The Civil War
Waiting for a time and place to happen
Most important event in US history

7. *Did everyone have slaves in the South?
Only 25% of the people in the South were actually affected economically by slavery
Only about 1800 people in the South owned 1000 slaves or more.
More people had 1 or 2 slaves or none at all

8. Southern Social Order Upper Class Professionals Small farmer
Plantation owner
19 or more slaves
Professionals
Doctors, Lawyers, sometimes Teachers, Bankers
Small farmer
Middle class
May have one or two slaves
Poor Whites (‘Trash’)
No slaves
Called “crackers”, “dirt eaters”, “rednecks”
Slaves
WHERE DID FREE BLACKS FIT?

9. *The Missouri Compromise
Senator J.B. Thomas and Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser)
Maine was petitioning to become a state as well
Missouri would be slave
Maine would be free
No slavery allowed 36˚30’ latitude line in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase
Henry Clay

10. The Missouri Compromise

11. The Abolitionist Movement
Started by Quakers
Slavery was becoming a moral issue
Two types of abolitionists
Gradual Emancipation—slowly end slavery in the South
Free 10% of slaves a year until all are freed
Pay Southerners to free slaves because of economic need
Immediate Emancipation—get rid of slavery NOW
Saw slavery as a sin; a moral wrong

12. Abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison Henry Ward Beecher
The Liberator
Henry Ward Beecher
Methodist minister
Used a mock slave auction to inform people about the horrors of slavery
Frederick Douglass
Free black man
Son of former slave
Son of both black and white parents

13. Abolitionists Sojourner Truth Harriet Tubman Elijah P. Lovejoy
Underground Railroad
Secret
Used Railroad terms
Conductor, station, etc
Elijah P. Lovejoy
Printing press
Murdered by an angry mob

14. Compromise of 1850 1849, California Gold Rush *Controversy
Qualified for statehood
*Controversy
California wanted to enter as a free state
Opposed by the South
Part of CA was below the Missouri
Compromise line
Debate in Congress
Henry Clay (free)
John C. Calhoun (slave)
Two questions to answer
Are slaves property?
Should Congress make the decision about slavery?
Webster
Clay
Calhoun

15. *Parts of Compromise of 1850
California admitted as a free state
Popular sovereignty would settle future debate on how a state would enter the union
Stricter fugitive slave law
No slave trade in Washington, D.C.

17. Transcontinental Railroad
In 1854, controversy began over the route of the transcontinental RR
North Route
Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas—”Little Giant”
Illinois to California
Middle Route
Proposed by Senator Thomas Hart Benton of MO
Wanted the RR to pass through St. Louis
Southern Route
Secretary of War—Jefferson Davis of MS
New Orleans, Memphis, Gadsden Purchase

18. Transcontinental Railroad
All three routes would eventually be completed
Middle route was first; Central Pacific connected with the Union Pacific on May 10, 1869
Douglas decided that a central route through IL, KS, and MO would receive the most support
Joined forces with Benton to get central route approved by Congress
Not finished until end of war
Completion of railroad at
Promontory Point, Utah

20. *Results of the Transcontinental Railroad Route
Kansas Territory became important because it would ask for statehood before Utah and New Mexico
Compromise of 1850 did not apply here
Douglas proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 to determine if these territories would have slavery
Should they have even discussed slavery here?
Hint: Missouri Compromise (36º30’ line)

21. Kansas-Nebraska Act Proposed by Senator Stephen A. Douglas (IL)
*Divided Kansas into two new territories, KS and NE
Popular Sovereignty
*Ignored the MO Compromise of ’ 30” line
Favored by the South
Passed after a fierce debate in Congress
Stephen A. Douglas

22. Bleeding Kansas
*Free staters and slave owners moved to Kansas for the vote
Two territorial governments were set up
Shawnee and Topeka
Both made laws intended to govern the whole state
*May 1856, proslavery Kansasans launched a raid against Lawrence
Two free staters were killed
John Brown led counterattack at Pottawotamie Creek
*First major violence over slavery

23. *Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Anti-slavery novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852.
Banned in the South, stirred up more abolitionists in North

24. *Dred Scott case, 1857 Admits that they are _Property____.
Dred Scott sued his slave owner for freedom after being taken north of the Missouri Compromise line.
The Supreme Court rules in Scott v. Sandford that blacks are not U.S. citizens,
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney says slaveholders have the right to take existing slaves into free areas of the county.
Admits that they are _Property____.

25. *Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Senate campaign in 1858
Lincoln lost
Both candidates had to express their opinions on slavery
Lincoln—anti-extension and slavery was morally wrong
Stephen A. Douglas—popular sovereignty and Dred Scott decision

26. John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, Virginia
1859
*John Brown leads a group of abolitionists and runaway slaves to take arsenal and then plans to start a new state for former slaves by force.
U.S. army cadets and soldiers sent in to put down rebellion.
Brown captured and hanged.

27. Lincoln Elected President, 1860
Major candidates:
Republican—Abraham Lincoln
Northern Democrats—Stephen A. Douglas
Southern Democrats—John C. Breckenridge
Constitutional Union Party—John Bell

28. Lincoln
Bell
Breckenridge
Douglas

29. Secession Begins
Crittenden Compromise—last effort to preserve the Union; would allow slavery to extend south of the Missouri Compromise all the way to the Pacific
Lincoln rejected
*South Carolina seceded in December 1860
Six other Southern states would soon follow before the first battle were: FL, LA, TX, MS, AL, and GA
*Confederate States of America created
Jefferson Davis
Richmond, VA-capital
The other southern states that seceded after the Battle of Fort Sumter were: VA, TN, AR, and NC.
*Border states that were slave states but never seceded: MD, KY, MO, and DE
*Why didn’t they secede?
Writ of habeas corpus suspended by Lincoln

30. Confederate States of America Jefferson Davis—President
States’ rights and slavery
were main parts of CSA constitution.

31. The Civil War Begins *Battle of Fort Sumter April 12-14, 1861
Confederates took one of the last Union forts outside of Charleston, South Carolina

32. Antebellum Reformers
Abolitionists
Temperance
Women
Religion
Education

33. Antebellum Reformers Religious Women’s rights Transcendentalists
Prison and asylum reform
Temperance movement
Utopian societies
Education
Abolitionists

34. Religious Movements Second Great Awakening Deism Unitarianism
Timothy Dwight
Deism
Unitarianism
William Channing
Universalism
John Murray
Burned Over District
Western New York
Charles Finney
LDS (Mormons)
Joseph Smith
Methodist Revival, 1830’s

35. Women’s Rights *Changes in gender roles- “Cult of domesticity”
Education
Work
Legal and political rights
“Cult of domesticity”
*Women’s groups formed:
Charity
Churches
Temperance
Abolitionists
Seneca Falls Convention,
1848, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

36. Transcendentalists
Connected to Romanticism—focuses on feelings over reason to explain life and the universe (contrast to Enlightenment)
Affected literature, arts, and thought
Spiritual connections to Puritan New England—inner light, conscience
1830s—most influential intellectual and spiritual movement in America

37. Transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson—greatest impact
Individualism and independence
Henry David Thoreau—Life in the Woods
Follow your conscience, think for yourself. Find out who you are.
Walt Whitman, Nathanial Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, Emily Dickinson, Herman Melville, and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

38. Education Reform Led by Horace Mann of Massachusetts
Grade and ability grouping
Six-month school year
Standardized textbooks
Teacher training (normal schools)
Education improves economic conditions of people and prevents crimes
Secular colleges formed
Vassar—first academic college for women

39. Temperance Movement Result of religious revivals
Most widespread reform movement
Reasons for moderation or banning:
Against Bible
Dangerous to workers, families
Poverty
American Temperance Union—1833, promoted total abstinence (tee-totalers)

40. Prison and Asylum Reform
Led by Dorothea Lynde Dix
Tied to religious views—take care of others
Prisons became correctional facilities
End of debtors’ prisons
Asylums and hospitals cleaned up and took better care of disabled and mentally ill

41. Utopian Societies Often tied to religion or transcendentalism
Shakers—Mother Ann Lee (NY)
Oneida Community—John Humphrey Noyes (VT)
New Harmony—George Rapp and Robert Owens (IN)
Brook Farm—George Ripley (MA)