1. Marsha A. Tate | After the War
After the War: The Emergence of Cobourg, Ontario as a Summer Resort Destination for U.S. Civil War Veterans during the Late Nineteenth Century
Presentation Prepared by
Marsha Ann Tate, Ph.D.
for the 2011 Pennsylvania Canadian Studies Consortium Meeting
East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania
(presentation revised January 13, 2018)
After the War: The Emergence of Cobourg, Ontario as a Summer Resort Destination for U.S. Civil War Veterans during the Late Nineteenth Century
Presentation Prepared by
Marsha Ann Tate, Ph.D.
for the 2011 Pennsylvania Canadian Studies Consortium Meeting
East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania

2. Marsha A. Tate | After the War
Abstract
Following the U.S. Civil War, Cobourg, Ontario, emerged as a fashionable
summer resort especially favored by veterans of both the Union and
Confederate Armies. Added to this unusual cross-border contingent of former
military adversaries, who ranged in rank from private to general, were sundry active
duty and retired military personnel from the British Army. Using an array of archival
and secondary sources, together with photographs from the period, this
presentation will examine the unique factors that contributed to Cobourg’s popularity
as a summer vacation destination for a diverse array of enlisted and retired armed
forces personnel during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The presentation will also
highlight selected notable military figures who regularly visited, or alternately,
established summer residences in Cobourg or its environs. This presentation and
the larger research initiative from which it is derived, affords insights into the
personal lives of a historically significant segment of North American society. In
addition, it provides a unique perspective of the social relationships that existed among
military families from both the northern and southern United States, and likewise, the
U.S. soldiers’ rapport with their British and Canadian counterparts during the
concluding decades of the nineteenth century and the initial decades of the twentieth.
Following the U.S. Civil War, Cobourg, Ontario, emerged as a fashionable summer resort especially favored by veterans of both the Union and Confederate Armies. Added to this unusual cross-border contingent of former military adversaries, who ranged in rank from private to general, were sundry active duty and retired military personnel from the British Army.
Using an array of archival and secondary sources, together with photographs from the period, this presentation will examine the unique factors that contributed to Cobourg’s popularity as a summer vacation destination for a diverse array of enlisted and retired armed forces personnel during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The presentation will also highlight selected notable military figures who regularly visited, or alternately, established summer residences in Cobourg or its environs.
This presentation and the larger research initiative from which it is derived, affords insights into the personal lives of a historically significant segment of U.S. society. In addition, it provides a unique perspective of the social relationships that existed among military families from both the northern and southern United States, and likewise, the U.S. soldiers’ rapport with their British and Canadian counterparts during the concluding decades of the nineteenth century and the initial decades of the twentieth.

3. Cobourg’s Early History
Marsha A. Tate | After the War
Cobourg’s Early History
The Cobourg area's pioneer families were predominantly American in origin (i.e., “Loyalists”)
Between 1815 and 1820, the Americans “were joined by emigrants from England and Scotland, most of them discharged half-pay army and navy officers whose services were no longer required after Waterloo” (Edwin C. Guillet)
New arrivals from the British Isles helped instill a strong military tradition in Cobourg
Cobourg’s Early History
The Cobourg area's pioneer families were predominantly American in origin (i.e., “Loyalists”). Between 1815 and 1820, the Americans “were joined by emigrants from England and Scotland, most of them discharged half-pay army and navy officers whose services were no longer required after Waterloo” (Edwin C. Guillet, p. 289). The new arrivals from the British Isles helped instill a strong military tradition in Cobourg. During the 1830s, Cobourg’s harbor was improved to facilitate the handling of passengers and freight, with additional refinements to the town’s transportation infrastructure carried out over the next two decades. These refinements included the establishment of a Lake Ontario ferry route linking Cobourg with Rochester, as well as the opening of the Grand Trunk Railway.[i]
However, by the mid-1860s, Cobourg's seemingly good fortune swiftly turned to despair as the community teetered on financial ruin. The town’s fiscal woes were largely attributable to its nearly C$400,000 investment in the failed Cobourg and Peterborough Railroad, together with the escalating costs associated with construction of a new town hall. Indeed, during this period, a number of Cobourg residents emigrated to the United States in search of better economic opportunities. [i] John R. Spilsbury, ed., Cobourg, Early Days and Modern Times (Cobourg, ON: The Cobourg Book Committee, 1981), 3.

4. The U.S. Civil War (April 1861—April 1865)
Marsha A. Tate | After the War
The U.S. Civil War (April 1861—April 1865)
As Cobourg struggled financially throughout the mid-1860s, the era was proving even more troubling across the border in the United States. The now years-long Civil War was exacting a terrible physical, psychological, and economic toll upon the military and civilian populations of the Confederacy and Union alike.
During the four-year struggle, approximately 2.1 million men served in the Union forces and about 900,000 served in the Confederate forces. Moreover, “when the war broke out,” almost one third “of the officers serving in the United States military resigned to join the” Confederate Army. The Civil War ultimately resulted in at least 618,000 deaths and 142 and 150 out of every 1,000 Union and Confederate soldiers wounded respectively.
Ruins at Richmond, Virginia
Union Forces: Approx. 2.1 million men
Confederate Forces: Approx. 900,000 men
At least 618,000 total war-related deaths
Confederate Dead, Gettysburg
Photos from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

5. Marsha A. Tate | After the War
Cobourg, Ontario July 3, 1863
Interestingly, during the U.S. Civil War, many Cobourg residents expressed their strong support for the Confederate cause. A July 3, 1863 incident involving passengers on the Steamer Maple Leaf and a number of Cobourg residents aptly illustrates the situation. An account of the incident, which initially appeared in the Rochester, New York, Democrat, was subsequently reprinted in the Chicago Tribune on July 16, The account reads as follows: “On the 3d of July a Mr. Stanley, a wealthy citizen [of] Cobourg, Canada, gave the freedom of the hotels of the town to all on the occasion of his marriage. All the vagabonds of the place of course accepted the hospitality, and became intoxicated. In the evening the steamer Maple Leaf called at the dock on her way along shore, picking up passengers for this city. She gathered a large load—four hundred in all. Capt. Schofield engaged the Cobourg band to come over with the boat and play at excursions here on the 4th. Just before the boat left port the band struck (sic) up Yankee Doodle. The rowdies on the wharf demanded ‘Dixie’ from the band, and because the demand was not compiled with, threw sticks of wood at them. One of the missiles struck a little girl. Some of the indignant passengers on the upper deck forward hurtled back the sticks to the dock. This was the signal for a general row, and a party rushed on board the steamer to engage in a fight. As the foremost ascended the companion way, a tall Yankee standing on the deck dropped them back, with bad marks upon heads and faces. Captain Schofield discovered there was a row, and cast off his lines. The rowdies scrambled on shore, and the boat went on her way. On the night of the 5th, as the boat called at Cobourg returning, a large crowd assembled upon the dock in search of the long Yankee, but did not find him. They threw eggs at the boat, cheered for Jeff. Davis and Beauregard, and made themselves ridiculous generally—a cheap way they have of showing their sympathy with the rebellion” (“Canadian Sympathizers with the Seccessionists,” Chicago Tribune, July 16, 1862, p. 3). Ironically, the Maple Leaf itself eventually became a casualty of the war. As Thomas M. Fleming relates, after the outbreak of the War, declining commercial and excursion traffic, together with the growing hostility of Canadians against the Union, prompted the owners of the Maple Leaf to sell the vessel to a Boston, Massachusetts firm, which, in turn, chartered it “into United States service” to transport Union “troops, equipment,…supplies,” together with Confederate prisoners of war between a variety of East coast locales. On April Fool’s Day 1864, the Maple Leaf sank after striking a “Confederate mine floating in the St. Johns River near Jacksonville, Florida.”
Illustration from Thomas A. Fleming, The Maple Leaf: An Extraordinary American Civil War Shipwreck. Reprinted in Thomas A. Fleming, The Maple Leaf Adventure: A Florida Civil War Shipwreck Reveals Civilian and Soldier Life in the Mid-19th Century, MilitaryHistoryOnline.com, retrieved April 1, 2011.

6. Marsha A. Tate | After the War
General Robert E. Lee’s April 9, 1865, surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, to his Union counterpart, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant ultimately brought an end to the bitterly fought, four-year-long war. Reconstruction of the southern United States, combined with the ever-expanding network of railroads throughout the United States resulted in a continued demand for Pennsylvania’s iron and steel, along with the ore and other ingredients needed for their production. One promising source of iron ore was located above Cobourg in what was known as Marmora. In addition to Marmora, Pennsylvania’s iron and steel barons were also keenly interested in the adjacent “‘mountain’ of iron rich ore” located in the neighboring town of Blairton, named for the “largest stockholder” in the venture, Thomas S. Blair of Pittsburgh.
In the late 1860s, George K. Shoenberger, the son of Pennsylvania’s late “Iron King” Peter Shoenberger, together with several Pittsburgh associates, assumed control of the Marmora mines, along with the ill-fated Cobourg and Peterborough Railway, and formed the Cobourg, Peterborough, and Mamora Railway and Mining Company. Using Cobourg as their base of operations, George Shoenberger and his partners visited Marmora on a number of occasions as they readied mining and shipping operations at the site. However, over time, the American industrialists’ Canadian commercial forays took an unusual turn as family members and friends began joining the businessmen on their northern journeys.
C. Kimmel, “The End of the Rebellion in the United States,” Washington, DC: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Reproduction Number: LC-USZ

7. The Emergence of Cobourg as a Summer Resort Destination (1870s—1890s)
Marsha A. Tate | After the War
The Emergence of Cobourg as a Summer Resort Destination (1870s—1890s)
Strathmore (Summer home)
The Columbian Hotel
The Arlington Hotel
The Emergence of Cobourg as a Summer Resort Destination (1870s-1890s)
In 1873, buoyed by their kith and kin’s fondness for Cobourg, George Shoenberger and his brother-in-law William Parham Chambliss, a Civil War veteran and the first managing director of the Cobourg, Peterborough, and Mamora Railway and Mining Company, who often hosted American visitors at his Cobourg home, joined to construct the Arlington Hotel. The establishment represented the first of many Cobourg hotels designed specifically to cater to affluent Americans. Later, U.S. summer colonists began building elaborate summer homes in and around town.
Indeed, Chambliss is likely the individual most responsible for initially attracting active and retired military personnel to Cobourg. He was born in Chamblissburg, Virginia, on March 20, As a young man, he served in the Mexican war and thereafter practiced law in Pulaski, Tennessee, from 1850 until While living in Pulaski, Chambliss also edited the Citizen, a democratic weekly newspaper. From 1853 until 1854, he also served as a member of the legislature. Then, on March 3, 1855, Chambliss enlisted in the regular U.S. army as first lieutenant in the 2d cavalry and continued to serve in the army throughout the Civil War. At the battle of Gaines’s Mills on June 27, 1862, Chambliss was wounded multiple times and was left on the battle field for four days until being transported to Libby Prison in Richmond. His wounds left him partially disabled and likely contributed to his death in 18??.
Summer Homes

8. Cobourg’s West Point Connections
Marsha A. Tate | After the War
Cobourg’s West Point Connections
Many of Cobourg’s summer visitors were West Point graduates and/or West Point instructors
Colonel William P. Chambliss served as instructor of cavalry at West Point, October 1862—March 1864
A number of America’s renowned resorts and spas were located near West Point
Over 140 Confederate generals attended West Point
Cobourg’s West Point Connections
Many of Cobourg’s summer visitors were West Point graduates and/or West Point instructors. For example, Colonel William P. Chambliss served as instructor of cavalry at West Point from October 1862 until March 1864.
So, why did so many West Pointers and other U.S. military men opt to go to Cobourg, Ontario, instead of to closer, more easily accessible vacation spots in the United States? Perhaps the answer lies in the fact that many Union and Confederate soldiers, especially ranking officers, were close friends before the Civil War forced them to pledge allegiance to either the Union or the Confederacy. What’s more, many of these individuals were related to each other by blood or marriage. Given the lingering animosities between the North and South, it was perhaps easier for these individuals to re-establish their bonds across the U.S. border in Ontario, Canada, where they could largely avoid the public scrutiny of their fellow northern and southern brethren.
Cadet’s Quarters, U.S. Military Academy West Point, New York
Why Cobourg?
Photo from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

9. Civil War Veterans General Orlando Metcalfe Poe (1832—1895)
Marsha A. Tate | After the War
Civil War Veterans General Orlando Metcalfe Poe (1832—1895)
1856 graduate of West Point
Served in the infantry and as an engineer in the Civil War
Friend of the Fitzhugh family
Much of his post-War engineering career was spent in the Midwest
Poe Locks at Sault Saint Marie named after him
Poe suffered Injuries from a fall while inspecting the Poe Locks; these injuries led to his death
General Orlando Metcalfe Poe ( )
1856 graduate of West Point
Served in the infantry and as an engineer in the Civil War
Friend of the Fitzhugh family
Much of his post-War engineering career was spent in the Midwest
Poe Locks at Sault Saint Marie named after him
Poe suffered Injuries from a fall while inspecting the Poe Locks; these injuries led to his death
Orlando Metcalfe Poe
Photo from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

10. Civil War Veterans General Charles Lane Fitzhugh (1838-1923)
Marsha A. Tate | After the War
Civil War Veterans General Charles Lane Fitzhugh ( )
Member of a prominent Virginia family
Ancestors founded Rochester, New York
Attended West Point
Classmate of George A. Custer
“Youngest Civil War Brigadier General in the Union Army"
Son-in-law of George K. Shoenberger
Charles Lane’s son, Henry, married a daughter of General Orlando Metcalf Poe; following her death, he married her sister
General Charles Lane Fitzhugh ( )
Member of a prominent Virginia family
Ancestors founded Rochester, New York
Attended West Point
Classmate of George A. Custer
“Youngest Civil War Brigadier General in the Union Army"
Son-in-law of George K. Shoenberger
Charles Lane’s son, Henry, married a daughter of General Orlando Metcalf Poe; following her death, he married her sister
Fitzhugh later engaged in steel manufacturing until his retirement. He died at age at 85 in 1923 at Cobourg and is buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
Charles Lane Fitzhugh
Photo from Wikipedia

11. Civil War Veterans General Benjamin Cozzens Card (d. 1916)
Marsha A. Tate | After the War
Civil War Veterans General Benjamin Cozzens Card (d. 1916)
General Benjamin Cozzens Card (d. February 1916)
At the beginning of the Civil War, Benjamin Cozzens Card was appointed First Lieutenant of the Twelfth United States Infantry, of which he later became a Captain and Assistant Quartermaster. At the end of the war General Card was Quartermaster of Volunteers. He also received the brevet of Brigadier General ‘for faithful and meritorious services during the war.’ Card retired in 1889, leaving the service as a Lieutenant Colonel and Deputy Quartermaster General. He died at age 92 at his home in Washington, DC.
(Source: "Gen. Benjamin C. Card Dies: Civil War Veteran Succumbs in Washington in His 92d Year." New York Times, February 15, 1916, 11).
Brig. Gen. Charles Thomas, Assistant Quartermaster General, with Benjamin C. Card and George D. Wise, Division Chiefs, and other staff on steps of Quartermaster General's office, Corcoran's Building, 17th St. and Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC
Photo from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

12. Civil War Veterans Other Notable Individuals
Marsha A. Tate | After the War
Civil War Veterans Other Notable Individuals
Brigadier General Judson Davis Bingham
Mrs. Bingham died in August 1912 as a result of falling from a second story window in the Columbia Hotel
General Sinclair
General Orlando B. Wilcox
Brigadier General John Dowling (Chicago, Illinois)
Served as Assistant Surgeon General of the U.S. Army for many years
Dr. Charles Carroll Bombaugh (Baltimore, Maryland)
Practiced medicine in Philadelphia prior to the Civil War; Surgeon in Union Army ( , 69th Pennsylvania Infantry)
Dr. Thomas O. Walton
Dental surgeon to the U.S. Naval Academy
Civil War Veterans Who Visited Cobourg
Brigadier General Judson Davis Bingham
Mrs. Bingham died in August 1912 as a result of falling from a second story window in the Columbia Hotel
General Sinclair
General Orlando B. Wilcox
Brigadier General John Dowling (Chicago, Illinois)
Served as Assistant Surgeon General of the U.S. Army for many years
Dr. Charles Carroll Bombaugh (Baltimore, Maryland)
Practiced medicine in Philadelphia prior to the Civil War; Surgeon in Union Army ( , 69th Pennsylvania Infantry)
Dr. Thomas O. Walton
Dental surgeon to the U.S. Naval Academy

13. Other Notable U.S. Military Figures
Marsha A. Tate | After the War
Other Notable U.S. Military Figures
Admiral Crosby
Admiral, U.S. Navy (late 1800s)
Commanded the U.S. Navy’s South American station
Admiral C. R. P. Rodgers
Admiral, U.S. Navy
Henry W. Fitch
Chief Engineer, U.S. Navy
Other Notable U.S. Military Figures Who Visited Cobourg
Admiral Crosby
Admiral, U.S. Navy (late 1800s)
Commanded the U.S. Navy’s South American station
Admiral C. R. P. Rodgers
Admiral, U.S. Navy
Henry W. Fitch
Chief Engineer, U.S. Navy

14. Marsha A. Tate | After the War
Unlikely Neighbors
“…Who would have prophesied forty years ago, that the widow of Ulysses Grant and the widow of Jefferson Davis would be friends in the year The impressive and somewhat pathetic intimacy of these two notable women was brought about by propinquity. During this past summer Mrs. Grant and Mrs. Davis have stayed in the little Canadian village of Coburg. Without knowing it they selected adjoining cottages and thus came to see each other every day. It is not known who made the first advances toward acquaintance, but the two women were observed sitting side by side every day for weeks. They held themselves aloof from the other cottagers and seemed absorbed in each other’s company. What a theme for an American artist! It should be painted and hung as a companion piece to Appomattox when Grant said to the beleaguered and worn remnant of the ragged confederacy: ‘Keep your horses. You will need them to plow your fields.’ As these widows sat side by side looking at the water and the trees what did they talk about? Was there any mention of the days when the line of blue went down to meet the line of gray? Was there any speech concerning the times that tired men’s souls. Of the two husbands who in that bitter struggle fought against each other and for such tremendous stakes? No matter. If so, there was no bitterness in the comradeship of these two relics of a day that is done, thralls of fate and sport of war that is heroic history….It may have been the lonely widow of the Silent Man who said ‘Let us have peace,’ who put out her hand in friendship to the sad widow of Jefferson Davis, or it may have been the other; but however it have been—THE PICTURES OF THE TWO WIDOWS AT COBURG SHOULD BE HUNG IN THE ROTUNDA OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL FOR LOYAL AMERICANS TO LOOK AT THRU GRATEFUL TEARS AND REMEMBER ONLY THAT AMERICANS FOUGHT AND DIED ON FIELDS OF HONOR AND OF GLORY.” [Paragraph in all caps in original article]
Source: The Bryan Democrat, December 11, “The Two Widows of Coburg [sic] Can.” Article accessed from Goggle News Archive Search, November 28, 2008.
Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant
Mrs. Jefferson Davis
Photos from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

15. Marsha A. Tate | After the War
World War I
The outbreak of World War I brought an abrupt end to Cobourg’s idyllic way of life. By fall 1914, at least ten percent of Cobourg and the surrounding area’s male population had already enlisted for military service. A total of 619,636 men and women served in the Canadian forces, with 66,655, or nearly one in ten Canadians, ultimately dying in the conflict, and 172,950 wounded.
Meanwhile, on the home front, the permanent and temporary residents of Cobourg united in support of the war effort, in part via organizing various fundraising events. For example, a September 4, 1914 Toronto World article described a garden party organized by Mrs. Charles Speer of Pittsburgh and Mrs. Frank Hess of Philadelphia. The party reportedly raised C$900, with another C$480 collected via “a subscription list opened in connection” with the event.
British Soldiers in World War I
Photo from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

16. World War I Father Francis P. Duffy (1871-1932)
Marsha A. Tate | After the War
World War I Father Francis P. Duffy ( )
Born in Cobourg, May 2, 1871
After graduating from St. Michael’s College, Toronto, Duffy came to New York City to teach
Ordained a priest in 1896
1898: First Lieutenant and chaplain of the 69th Infantry
1912: Sent to the Bronx as pastor of Parish of Our Saviour
During World War I, served as the senior chaplain for the Rainbow Division
Awarded the American Distinguished Service Cross and the Croix de Guerre from France for heroism under fire
Father Francis P. Duffy
Arguably, Cobourg’s most famous native son was the Reverend Francis P. Duffy. He was born May 2, 1871; after graduating from St. Michael’s College, Toronto, Duffy came to New York City to teach. He was ordained a priest in 1896 and in 1898 became a First Lieutenant and chaplain of the 69th Infantry (U.S. Army). In 1912, Duffy was sent to the Bronx as pastor of Parish of Our Saviour. During World War I, he served as the senior chaplain for the Rainbow Division. Later, Duffy was awarded the American Distinguished Service Cross and the Croix de Guerre from France for heroism under fire.
Father Francis P. Duffy
Photo from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

17. World War I Father Francis P. Duffy
Marsha A. Tate | After the War
World War I Father Francis P. Duffy
Father Francis P. Duffy
Father Duffy and the legendary Fighting 69th eventually became prominent figures in American popular culture during the first half of the twentieth century. This is evidenced by the Warner Brothers 1940 motion picture, “The Fighting 69th” featuring Pat O’Brien as Father Duffy, James Cagney as a troubled private in the Fighting 69th, and George Brent as Wild Bill Donovan.
Father Duffy Square (i.e., the northern triangle of Times Square in New York City) in June 1943
1940 Hollywood action-adventure motion picture offering a fictionalized account of Father Duffy and the Fighting 69th
Photos from the Internet Movie Database and Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

18. World War I General Arthur Currie’s Libel Suit
Marsha A. Tate | After the War
World War I General Arthur Currie’s Libel Suit
$50,000 libel action brought by General Sir Arthur Currie against W. T. R. Preston and F. W. Wilson, publisher of The Port Hope Guide
Preston wrote an article alleging that Currie was responsible for “needless loss of life” at Mons on Armistice Day, November 11, 1918
Trial opened on April 16, 1928, in the Ontario Supreme Court Assizes at Cobourg
Trial received widespread news coverage throughout North America
On May 1st, the verdict was in favor of Currie, the plaintiff in the case
Damages ultimately assessed at $500
General Arthur Currie’s Libel Suit
50,000 libel action brought by General Sir Arthur Currie against W. T. R. Preston and F. W. Wilson, publisher of The Port Hope Guide
Preston wrote an article alleging that Currie was responsible for “needless loss of life” at Mons on Armistice Day, November 11, 1918
Trial opened on April 16, 1928, in the Ontario Supreme Court Assizes at Cobourg
Trial received widespread news coverage throughout North America
On May 1st, the verdict was in favor of Currie, the plaintiff in the case
Damages ultimately assessed at $500
General Sir Arthur Currie
Photo from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

19. Marsha A. Tate | After the War
Old Soldiers Fade Away
Old Soldiers Fade Away
By the early 1920s, Cobourg’s life as a foremost North American resort, like the innumerable old soldiers who summered there, began slowly fading away. Many of the soldiers were laid to rest at Arlington Cemetery, in Arlington, Virginia. With these man, an unprecedented era in U.S. history, along with its corresponding Canadian component, came to a close. The last Union soldier died in 1956, the last verified Confederate soldier died in 1951.
Arlington Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia
Photo from Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

20. Marsha A. Tate | After the War
References
“Canadian Sympathizers with the Secessionists,” Chicago Tribune, July 16, 1862, p. 3.
Fleming, Thomas A. The Maple Leaf Adventure: A Florida Civil War Shipwreck Reveals Civilian and Soldier Life in the Mid-19th Century, MilitaryHistoryOnline.com, retrieved April 1, 2011.
"Gen. Benjamin C. Card Dies: Civil War Veteran Succumbs in Washington in His 92d Year." New York Times, February 15, 1916, 11.
Spilsbury, John R. ed., Cobourg, Early Days and Modern Times. Cobourg, ON: The Cobourg Book Committee, 1981.
Tate, Marsha Ann. Of Iron and Ozone: The History of the American Summer Colony in Cobourg, Ontario. (in press as of The now-completed work is available on Amazon (paperback) and Kindle).
“The Two Widows of Cobourg [sic] Can.” The Bryan Democrat, December 11, Article accessed from Goggle News Archive Search, November 28, 2008.

21. Acknowledgements/ Author Information
Marsha A. Tate | After the War
Acknowledgements/ Author Information
Cobourg images courtesy of the Cobourg and District Archives, the Cobourg Public Library, and the Toronto Public Library.
Selected images courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
Marsha Ann Tate, Ph.D. is an adjunct faculty member at Pennsylvania Highlands Community College and is the author of Of Iron and Ozone: The History of the  American Summer Colony in Cobourg, Ontario (2013).