1. To go with Paraphrasing, summarisation and quotations

2. FACT Vs OPINION Fact – information that is certain and can be proven.
Opinion- a judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge.

3. Other terminology
Persuasion – to move another person or group to agree with a belief or position through argument, appeal, or course of action.
Debatable Claim – an opinion that is a matter of personal experience and values that must be backed up with evidence. Others can disagree with this claim.
Evidence- details, facts, reasons, statistics, expert research, and personal experience that directly relate to and support a debatable claim.
Credible Sources - websites, reports, and articles developed by experts and journalists.

4. Or Game (claim + 2 pieces of evidence)
Busan or Seoul.
Girl/Boyfriend or best friend.
Coffee or tea.
Single or marriage.
Iphone or S4
Sexy or cute.
Large Company or Smaller
Talkative or quiet.
Money or love
Soju or beer
Play it safe or Go for it!
Talking or kissing
Soccer or baseball.
Mum or Dad.
Movies or books.
A sister or a brother.
Dancing or singing.
Home or out.
City or countryside

7. Summarizing and Paraphrasing (More next week)
When paraphrasing, you need to change the words and the structure but keep the meaning the same.
It has long been known that Cairo is the most populous city on earth, but no-one knew exactly how populous it was until last month.
Although Cairo has been the world's most heavily populated city for many years, the precise population was not known until four weeks ago.
A summary is a shortened version of a text. It contains the main points in the text and is written in your own words.
Source
The amphibia, which is the animal class to which our frogs and toads belong, were the first animals to crawl from the sea and inhabit the earth.
Summary
The first animals to leave the sea and live on dry land were the amphibia.

12. Some Quick Examples of showing evidence
According to ______________________________ For example, ___________ shows that ______ As shown in _______________ __________ summarises the argument/situation best with __________________________ _____________ states that ________________ While _________ argues that ______________________, however ___________________

13. Do we want a hook?
(Did you know/Are you aware?)Tobacco causes more fatalities per year than the combined total deaths from HIV, drug use, traffic accidents, suicide and murders (according to, as maintained by, in a report by ___ on ___ , as stated/argued by).
Topic sentence: Tobacco smoking should be banned as it has many serious consequences including being a leading cause of death, causing many serious health problems and is dangerous to those who are vulnerable to second hand smoke.

14. Point 1: As pointed out, smoking is a leading cause of death
Point 1: As pointed out, smoking is a leading cause of death. According to the CDC, smoking causes ________ deaths per year in the United States or one in five people die from the ill effects of smoking. Most of these fatalities are a direct result from preventable diseases such as cancer, and heart and lung complications . (Do we need to return to the point?) Hence smoking has serious, fatal consequences.

15. Point 2: So, It smoking is also a major factor for developing several debilitating and deadly health problems such as lung cancer, emphysema and cardiovascular disease. The chilling statistics from the CDC point to smokers being between 13 to 23 times more susceptible to lung cancer. Markedly(notably), as stated in a leading health web site, ninety percent of all lung cancer cases are caused by smoking. Smoking also increases the risk of emphysema, or a clogging and narrowing of the air passages, by twelve times the normal rate and increases coronary heart disease by 4 times.(Do we need to say why?) (Do we need to return to the point?)
Point 3: Additionally, the effects of second hand or passive smoking are also a serious consequence of people smoking. It is claimed by the CDC that 90 percent of non-smokers have inhaled smoke second hand. It is argued that this exposure can double the risk of heart attack, and can cause childhood asthma and lung disease. In conclusion … (return to initial topic)

16. Evidence Paragraphs Use the steps of paragraph development.
-Brainstorm (a non-personal topic)
Find sources, read, make notes and then
Write the topic sentence and the three main points.
Fill out each main point with evidence in quotations, summarisation or paraphrasing.
Use connectors and look for Unity / coherence.
Re-read your paragraphs and make changes.
Send to me for peer-review.

17. The following stages may be useful when Paraphrasing:
Survey the text with "active reading".
If applicable, make a list of the main ideas.
Find the important ideas - the important words/phrases. In some way mark them - write them down, underline or highlight them.
Find alternative words/synonyms for these words/phrases - do not change specialised vocabulary and common words.
Change the structure of the text.
Identify the meaning relationships between the words/ideas - e.g. cause/effect, generalisation, contrast.
Express these relationships in a different way.
Change the grammar of the text: change nouns to verbs, adjectives to adverbs, etc., break up long sentences, combine short sentences.
Rewrite the main ideas in complete sentences. Combine your notes into a piece of continuous writing.
Check your work.
Make sure the meaning is the same.
Make sure the length is the same.
Make sure the style is your own.
Remember to acknowledge other people's work.

18. The following stages may be useful when Summarizing
Read and understand the text carefully.
Think about the purpose of the text.
Ask what the author's purpose is in writing the text?
What is your purpose in writing your summary?
Are you summarising to support your points?
Or are you summarising so you can criticise the work before you introduce your main points?
Select the relevant information. This depends on your purpose.
Find the main ideas - what is important.
They may be found in topic sentences.
Distinguish between main and subsidiary information.
Delete most details and examples, unimportant information, anecdotes, examples, illustrations, data etc.
Find alternative words/synonyms for these words/phrases - do not change specialised vocabulary and common words.
Change the structure of the text.
Identify the meaning relationships between the words/ideas - e.g. cause/effect, generalisation, contrast. Express these relationships in a different way.
Change the grammar of the text: rearrange words and sentences. Change nouns to verbs, adjectives to adverbs, etc., break up long sentences, combine short sentences.
Simplify the text. Reduce complex sentences to simple sentences, simple sentences to phrases, phrases to single words.
Rewrite the main ideas in complete sentences. Combine your notes into a piece of continuous writing. Use conjunctions and adverbs such as 'therefore', 'however', 'although', 'since', to show the connections between the ideas.
Check your work.

19. Here are some ways to work evidence into your writing:
Offer evidence that agrees with your stance up to a point, then add to it with ideas of your own.
Present evidence that contradicts your stance, and then argue against (refute) that evidence and therefore strengthen your position.
Use sources against each other, as if they were experts on a panel discussing your proposition.
Use quotations to support your assertion, not merely to state or restate your claim.
Weak and Strong Uses of Evidence
In order to use evidence effectively, you need to integrate it smoothly into your essay by following this pattern:
State your claim.
Give your evidence, remembering to relate it to the claim.
Comment on the evidence to show how it supports the claim.

20. Questions to Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper
Have I offered my reader evidence to substantiate each assertion I make in my paper?
Do I thoroughly explain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas?
Do I avoid generalizing in my paper by specifically explaining how my evidence is representative?
Do I provide evidence that not only confirms but also qualifies my paper's main claims?
Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, rather than to just confirm them?
Do I cite my sources thoroughly and correctly?

21. Argumentative Essays: The aim is to convince readers that your opinion about a topic (your thesis) is the most valid viewpoint. To do this, your essay needs to be balanced and must include an opposing viewpoint or counterargument.