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mutation any change in an organism’s genetic material
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albinism a condition caused by a mutation that affects the pigment producing cells in the skin
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lethal mutation mutation that causes death
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gene mutation occurs when there are changes in the sequence of bases in the segment of DNA that makes up a gene
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somatic mutation gene mutation in a body cell
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germ mutation mutations that occur in gametes or the cells that form gametes
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diploid a cell in which the nucleus has two copies of each chromosome
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ploidy change in number of chromosomes
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Down syndrome human disorder that occurs when a person has an extra twenty-first chromosome
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carrier an individual who possesses a gene for a specific trait but does not exhibit that trait
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biotechnology applying scientific knowledge and principles to God’s creation
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selective breeding man chooses organisms with desirable traits and breeds them with hopes that their offspring will inherit the desirable traits
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inbreeding mating of an organism with its close relatives or, in the case of plants, with itself
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crossbreeding organisms with different traits are bred to produce offspring
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hybrid vigor when hybrids are stronger than their parents because they have several desirable characteristics
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genetic engineering using special techniques to control the genetic makeup of an organism
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Bacterial chromosome before genetic engineering
1 Bacterial chromosome before genetic engineering
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2 Chromosome is cut.
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Desired gene for protein is inserted.
3 Desired gene for protein is inserted.
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Gene is reproduced as bacteria divide.
4 Gene is reproduced as bacteria divide.
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Bacteria gene directs production of new protein (darker blue).
5 Bacteria gene directs production of new protein (darker blue).
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6 Bacteria are killed and cell fragments removed; desired protein remains.
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scientific effort to map the human genome
Human Genome Project scientific effort to map the human genome
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clone group of genetically identical organisms produced by asexual reproduction
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