1. The Origins and Evolution of Cities

2. Settlements and cities
Settlement / settlement node
A permanent agglomeration of buildings and people.
City / urban area
A settlement with a large population

3. Origin of cities First originated around 3500 BC
Emerged from agricultural villages built next to rivers
The 5 hearths of urbanization
Mesopotamia (between Tigris & Euphrates Rivers of Iraq’s Fertile Crescent)
Nile River Valley (Egypt)
Indus River Valley (Pakistan)
Huang He and Wei River Valleys (e. China)
Mesoamerica (s. Mexico, Guatemala).
What else were these places hearths for?

4. Why and How did Cities Develop?
Agricultural Surplus
Near rivers = good for farming
Irrigation—Allowed for high yields and surplus of food
Labor specialization
People could now work in non-agricultural activities (writing, religion, and metal working, which allowed for larger urban areas)
Stratified social system
Upper class and lower class developed based on value of different jobs
No art without labor specialization!
No wonderful teachers without labor specialization!

5. Pre-industrial cities were mostly trading cities near water

6. Colonial city Built to export goods to mother country.
Located near water (usually coast).
Roads to help get exports out.
Usually became primate cities.

7. The Industrial Revolution generated massive urbanization
The growth of factories and urban jobs was a huge pull factor from rural areas.
Created a steady rural-urban migration pattern.
Cities expand exponentially

8. The Industrial Revolution
Chicago

9. Global Urbanization—Don’t need to write
% of the world’s population was urban
% of the world was urban
Today, more than 50% of the world’s population lives in cities.
In the future, the world will be more urban.

10. Industrial cities
By 1900 most large cities were American or European industrial cities, such as Manchester, Chicago, and Barcelona.
Accompanying this
high pollution levels
overcrowding
exploitation of children in factories.

12. New Transportation
Innovations in transportation in the 19th and 20th centuries (railroads, autos) drastically changed cities:
Cities more connected to each other now
Don’t need to be near water because things can be transported
More air and water pollution
More suburbs/edge cities (people have cars)
Ghettoes form (near train tracks)
Some cities disappear (not on highways, like the movie CARS)

13. Do you think American cities are industrial cities?

14. Post-industrial cities
Shift in core countries from manufacturing to service industries
old factories are being converted to shopping malls
waterfront industrial ports into parks
warehouses into art galleries.

15. Urbanization in the Southern USA
Southeast and Southwest US are urbanizing
New technology like…
AC!
Net-in migration (Rust Belt to Sun Belt)
Also increased migration from Latin America

17. Rise of megalopolis!
Megalopolis—An urban area that results from cities getting so big that they reach each other, create one massive urban area
Example—New England—Washington DC, Boston, Philadelphia all one big urban area

18. Mechagodzilla!!!!
I really don’t know why I put this…

19. How do levels of urbanization between MDCs and LDCs compare?

20. Which regions of the world are the least urbanized?

21. Review! Where did original cities develop? Why?
Identify one pro and one con of an industrial city.
What might be a problem for countries with colonial cities after those countries gained their sovereignty? Explain.
How did an agricultural surplus lead to economic inequality in society?
Explain three ways that railways and highways changed the structure/organization of American cities.
Why does a city change from an industrial to a post-industrial city? What does that change look like?
What part of the United States do you think will have the largest megalopolis in the future? Why?
Look at the graphs of urbanization. What regions are most urbanized? Least?
What do you think will be the next country in the world that will start to see post-industrial cities? Why?

22. Timeline!
On the blank sheet of paper attached, create a timeline of the history of urban development.
Your timeline should have at least 7 steps, and each step should have a 1-2 sentence description of the type of city, a picture, and approximate dates for each city.
Add color for 10 extra points!

30. Asian City Model, p.349

31. African city model, p. 353

32. Matching Warm up! Industrial Revolution Islamic City Feudal City
The movement of African Americans from the Southern United States to the Northern United States
Largely centers of military power characterized by poverty and a lack of culture
Skyscrapers located on the outskirts of the city
A mixture of indigenous American and European architecture
Led to tremendous population growth and urbanization
Entry points for foreign exports
Contains a church as the city center and densely packed streets
Contain a mosque in the city center and densely packed streets
Cities created by a foreign power—many have become megacities
Industrial Revolution
Islamic City
Feudal City
Gateway City
Great Migration
Medieval City
European Cities
Colonial Cities
Latin American City

33. What does this urbanization mean for the future of Texas
What does this urbanization mean for the future of Texas? What are some positive and negative effects that you predict will happen because of this change?
Answer in one paragraph.

34. New Urbanism Movement
Architects in the 1990’s that sought to make cities more livable.
Revitalized areas, create more walkable neighborhoods
Also trying to slow urban sprawl (the spatial growth of urban areas into rural areas)

35. World Cities Cities of global importance culturally and financially
All post-industrial, service based, wealthy cities
London, Paris, New York, Tokyo

36. Edge Cities
Suburban cities that have become large centers for businesses and have all the goods provided in downtown areas
Can lead to counter-commuting—People driving out to suburbs to work
Ex.—Sugarland, Katy
Sugarland Town Square

37. Urban Planning
Local governments try to control the use of land and group things together that are logical
Try to make cities “walkable”
Ex.—Museum district in Houston, sidewalks and bike lanes to make travel easy

38. Urban Sustainability
To decrease pollution, many cities have developed mass transit systems
Try to decrease pollution and traffic
Difficult in areas with large suburban sprawl because there are so many areas to connect