1. Water Cycle Driven by the ENERGY of the SUN!

2. What are the two types of water found on Earth?
Fresh Water- the water people drink; contains little salt
2. Salt Water- the water in oceans; has higher concentration of dissolved salt

3. Why is water considered a renewable resource?
Water is circulated in the water cycle
Water molecules travel between the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere

4. Water Cycle fog, dew, H2O on glass, clouds Transpiration Condensation
Evaporation
Precipitation
Percolation

5. What eventually happens to the water?
The water in clouds falls back to Earth and replenishes the Earth’s fresh water cycle.

6. Global Water Distribution
How much of the Earth’s surface is covered with water?
77%

7. Surface Water What is surface water?
fresh water on Earth’s land surfaces
lakes
ponds
streams
rivers
wetlands

8. What do rivers, lakes and streams provide?
drinking water
water to grow crops
food – fish and shellfish
power for industry
transpiration

9. How do streams form? Water falling from rain and melting snow
Headwaters
How do streams form?
Water falling from rain and melting snow
Drains from mountains, hills etc.
As they flow downhill
They combine with other streams and form rivers

10. What is a River System? Amazon River Mississippi River Nile River
A flowing network of water
Amazon River
Largest river system in the world
Based on volume of water it carries
Mississippi River
Largest in U.S.
Nile River
Longest river in world

11. The area of land that is drained by a river.
What is a watershed?
The area of land that is drained by a river.
Example:
Savannah River
Animation

12. What happens to pollution in a watershed?
It may end of polluting a river.

13. Where is most of the usable fresh water on Earth located?
UNDERGROUND
Water percolates through the soil and down into the rocks beneath.

14. Ground Water & Aquifer
Groundwater: water beneath Earth’s surface trapped in sediment and rock
Aquifer – an underground formation that contains groundwater (rock, sand, gravel)
Water table- the upper boundary of an aquifer

16. What happens in the water table?
Percolated water is saturated within the rocks and soil

17. Porosity
Porosity- the percentage of the total volume of rock that has spaces (pores).
Water in an aquifer is stored in the pore spaces and flows from one pore to another.

18. What is percolation? What is permeability?
Process where water seeps through the soil and ends up in the water table.
Water is filtered & purified as it percolates through the permeable layers of soil and rock
Ability of rock or soil to allow
water to flow through

19. Permeable -vs- Impermeable
Water can flow through it
Ex: Gravel
Impermeable:
Water can NOT flow through it
Ex: Clay and Granite

20. What is the Recharge Zone?
Affected by permeability of surface above aquifer.
What structures block recharge zones?
What is the Recharge Zone?
An area of the Earth’s surface from which water percolates down into an aquifer
Environmentally sensitive to pollution; Why?

21. Humans must drill or dig into the ground to reach groundwater
Humans must drill or dig into the ground to reach groundwater. What is the hole called?
A well
Why do we dig wells?
Groundwater may be a more reliable source of water because water is filtered and purified as it travels underground.

22. Over 1 billion (1,000,000,000 ) people lack access to reliable clean water.

23. Global Water Use Most of our fresh water is used to IRRIGATE CROPS
These affect how people use water:
Availability of fresh water
Population size
Economic conditions

25. Residential Water Use

26. Residential Water Use Conservation Examples
Low flow toilets and shower heads.
Water lawns at night
Xeriscape- designing landscape that requires minimal water use.

27. Industrial Water Use Characteristics Examples
Accounts for ~ 19% of water use in the world.
Used for:
manufacturing goods
Waste disposal
generate power
Mostly used to cool power plants.

28. Industrial Water Use Recycle cooling water and waste water.
Conservation
Example
Recycle cooling water and waste water.
Pay incentives to small businesses.

29. Agricultural Water use
Characteristics
Examples
80% is lost through evaporation.
Accounts for 67% of fresh water use.
Irrigation systems are used in regions of inadequate rainfall.

30. Agricultural Water use
Conservation
Examples
Drip irrigation systems offer a promising step toward conservation.
They deliver small amounts of water directly to the roots.

31. Water Management Projects
Type of Project
Dams
Form reservoirs behind them.
Reservoirs are used for flood control, drinking water, industry, and electric power.

32. Water Management Projects
Water Diversion
Water is diverted from rivers into canals that can carry water great distances.
The Colorado River supplies water to the residents of Los Angeles.

33. Solutions For The Future
As populations grow so does the need for the development of other sources to obtain fresh water .
2 Such solutions are
1. Desalination (expensive)
2. Transporting water from states with
plenty to those that lack the resource
(expensive)

34. Fresh water makes up 3% of all water on Earth.
77% is frozen in icecaps and glaciers.
Save water!

35. Jakarta, Indonesia: Ciliwung River = main source
of water for 8 million Indonesians

36. China: main issue is water pollution
Stalled for years on industry mandates

37. >70% of Earth’s surface is covered in water
Earth’s Water

38. drinking water quality recreation use
It affects:
organism survival
drinking water quality
recreation use
We pollute:
rivers
lakes
streams
oceans

39. Definition
Water pollution is the introduction of chemical, physical, or biological agents into water that degrade water quality and adversely affect the organisms that depend on the water.
Water Pollution
The chemical, physical, and biological agents that are released into water.
Chemical = oxybenzone
Physical = trash, plastic, cigarettes
Biological = bacteria, protozoa
Degrades:
Water quality
Negatively affects organisms

40. Developed vs. Developing
Developed Countries
Main source
Industry waste
Developing Countries
Sewage
Agricultural runoff
Nairobi, Kenya
1 million natives
TWO main water pipes = little sanitation

41. Types of Pollution
Point-Source Pollution
Nonpoint-Source Pollution

42. Point Source Pollution from a SINGLE KNOWN source
Can be identified and traced
Direct pollution
Waste Water Release Sight

43. Point-Source Pollution
Examples:
Factory
Wastewater treatment plant
Leaking oil tanker
Unlined landfills
Water discharged from industries
Leaking septic-tank systems

44. Nonpoint-Source Pollution
Pollution from MANY sources
Difficult to identify
Indirect pollution
STORM DRAINS
Runoff from
soil erosion

45. Nonpoint Source Pollution
Examples
Chemicals added to road surfaces
Water runoff from streets that contain gasoline, animal feces, and litter
Pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizer
Feces and agricultural chemicals from livestock feedlots
Precipitation containing air pollutants

46. Nonpoint Vs. Point
96% of polluted bodies of water in the U.S. were contaminated by nonpoint source pollution.
Untreated Sewage
Parking lot runoff
A restaurant’s drainage pipe emptying into a river
Litter in a storm drain
A Factory
Leaking oil tanker
Pesticides from lawns, golf course, and farmland
Precipitation containing air pollutants

47. Sewage Sludge Is a product of wastewater treatment
Definition: the solid material that remains after treatment
Is classified as hazardous waste when it contains dangerous concentrations of toxic chemicals
It is often incinerated and then the ash is buried in a secure landfill

48. Sewage Sludge
Why is it so expensive to dispose of sewage sludge?? It is expensive to dispose of sewage sludge because the volume of sludge that has to be disposed of every year is enormous. If the toxicity of sludge can be reduced to safer levels, sludge can be used as fertilizer or it can be combined with clay to make bricks for buildings.

49. Eutrophication
When lakes and slow-moving streams contain an abundance of nutrients, they are eutrophic. Eutrophication is a natural process. Eutrophication is an increase in the amount of nutrients, such as nitrates, in a marine or aquatic ecosystem. The body of water usually becomes swamp or marsh-like.

50. When the temperature of a body of water, such as a lake or stream, increases, thermal pollution can result.
Can occur when power plants discharge water used in their cooling systems into a lake or river
Can cause large fish kills
Thermal Pollution

51. Groundwater Pollution
Any pollution of the surface water can affect the groundwater. Pollutants usually enter ground water when polluted surface water percolates down. Sources: leaking underground storage tanks, septic tanks, and unlined landfills
Groundwater Pollution

52. Grover Beach, California
Ocean Pollution
Grover Beach, California
Sources:
Garbage
Oil
Toxic waste
Medical waste
Runoff from rivers

53. Definition: The buildup of pollutants at higher levels of the food chain.
Can have harmful consequences for organisms at the top of the food chain.
Many U.S. states have limited the amount of fish that people can eat from certain bodies of water.
Biomagnification

55. Sources of Pollution