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3. After your quiz… 1. Update your ToC: 71: Vocab Quiz – Revolutions
72: Notes – Latin American Revolutions
73: Latin American Revolutions Map

4. LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS

5. What are the causes of the Latin American Revolutions?
ECONOMIC ISSUES
Trade restrictions on Latin American countries = can’t trade with anyone but their “mother” country (mercantilism system)
Not allowed to make their own goods
Forced to buy them from the “mother” country in Europe
Latin Americans resented restrictions that forbade them to trade with countries other than Spain.
Latin Americans resented restrictions that prevented them from manufacturing their own goods.
The American and French Revolutions encouraged freedom and self-rule.

6. Quick Class Discussion:
Which social group will lead these Latin American Revolutions? Why?
Where did they get the idea to revolt & created democracies?
African slaves in Haiti
Creoles in South America
Indians in Mexico

7. What are the causes of the Latin American Revolutions?
SOCIAL ISSUES
Unequal social structure put in place by Spain = creates problems
Upper class = okay with it
Creoles = not okay
The Creoles have the same ancestry as the Peninsulares (upper class)  mad that they don’t have political power just because they were born in the Americas
Lowest classes = fed up with being oppressed (just like in France!)
One major impact of European colonization was the unequal social hierarchy in Latin America
They had land & wealth but had no political power

8. What are the causes of the Latin American Revolutions?
INTELLECTUAL ISSUES
The American and French Revolutions act as inspiration for Latin American states to revolt
Want the same independence and freedom as America and France did
Latin Americans resented restrictions that forbade them to trade with countries other than Spain.
Latin Americans resented restrictions that prevented them from manufacturing their own goods.
The American and French Revolutions encouraged freedom and self-rule.

9. 1. Revolution in Mexico

10. Revolution in Mexico: Father Miguel Hidalgo Spain
Leader:
Gained Independence From:
Who is fighting and why?
Details/Outcome:
Father Miguel Hidalgo
Spain
Who: Native Americans and mestizos (mixed European-indigenous ancestry)
Why: Want freedom from oppressive Spain
Hidalgo calls for revolution against Spain
80,000 + fight for freedom against Spanish military and creole class
Hidalgo dies but revolution continues
Independence granted in 1821 after creoles switch sides

12. 2. Revolution in Northern Latin America

14. Revolution in N. Latin America:
Leader:
Gained Independence From:
Who is fighting and why?
Details/Outcome:
Simon Bolivar (the “brains”)
-AND-
Jose de San Martin (the “brawn”)
Spain
Who: Creoles
Why:
New king is put in place (Napoleon puts his brother in charge of Spain) = people living in Americas don’t like him
Hatred of the class system
Want a govt that serves the people
Bolivar and San Martin lead the revolutions
Fight against Spanish forces
Countries freed include:
- Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, Ecuador
*These countries united into “Gran Colombia*
Location
Leader
Gained Independence From
Why are they fighting?
Details
Simón Bolívar’s native Venezuela declared its independence from Spain in But the struggle for independence had only begun. Bolívar’s volunteer army of revolutionaries suffered numerous defeats. Twice Bolívar had to go into exile. A turning point came in August Bolívar led over 2,000 soldiers on a daring march through the Andes into what is now Colombia. (See the 1830 map on page 685.) Coming from this direction, he took the Spanish army in Bogotá completely by surprise and won a decisive victory. By 1821, Bolívar had won Venezuela’s independence. He then marched south into Ecuador. In Ecuador, Bolívar finally met José de San Martín. Together they would decide the future of the Latin American revolutionary movement.
San Martín Leads Southern Liberation Forces San Martín’s Argentina had declared its independence in However, Spanish forces in nearby Chile and Peru still posed a threat. In 1817, San Martín led an army on a grueling march across the Andes to Chile. He was joined there by forces led by Bernardo O’Higgins, son of a former viceroy of Peru. With O’Higgins’s help, San Martín finally freed Chile. In 1821, San Martín planned to drive the remaining Spanish forces out of Lima, Peru. But to do so, he needed a much larger force. San Martín and Bolívar discussed this problem when they met at Guayaquil, Ecuador, in 1822.
No one knows how the two men reached an agreement. But San Martín left his army for Bolívar to command. With unified revolutionary forces, Bolívar’s army went on to defeat the Spanish at the Battle of Ayacucho (Peru) on December 9, In this last major battle of the war for independence, the Spanish colonies in Latin America won their freedom. The future countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador were united into a country called Gran Colombia.

16. 3. Revolution in brazil

17. Revolution in Brazil:
Leader:
Gained Independence From:
Who is fighting and why?
Details/Outcome:
Dom Pedro I
Portugal
Who: Portuguese colonists, Dom Pedro I
Why:
Want independence from Portugal’s influence
Inspired by other revolutions
Portuguese royals flee Europe (afraid of Napoleon!)
Dom Pedro is made Regent Prince = can govern Brazil
Dom Pedro starts to support a free Brazil  promotes revolution
1822: Brazil is free!
Since Brazil had been ‘discovered’ by the Portuguese in the 16th century, the governing of this land had, largely, been up to this European nation. Of course, other nations (such as France) tried to gain military and political power but had been largely unsuccessful. Since 1808, King Dom João VI had been residing in Brazil, having made it one of the Kingdoms of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves.
In 1815, he had made his son, Dom Pedro, the Regent Prince, giving him the authority to govern Brazil in the king’s place in the event of his leaving or his death.
In 1820, Portugal experienced the Constitutional Revolution, which was initiated by the liberal constitutionalists. This revolution led to the Constituent Assembly’s meeting and deciding to create the first constitution of the Kingdom and to demand the return of King Dom João VI from Brazil. The assembly is also known as the Cortes. On 26 April 1821, the king left Brazil in the hands of his son, the newly elected Prince Regent, Dom Pedro, and returned to Portugal.
Word of the independent Brazil spread quickly, and locals celebrated the stance taken by Dom Pedro. The official breaking of ties occurred on 22 September 1822, when Pedro wrote a letter to his father, João VI. On 12 October 1822, Prince Pedro was acclaimed Dom Pedro I, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil.

19. 4. Revolution in Haiti

20. Revolution in HAITI (St. DOMINGUE):
Leader:
Gained Independence From:
Who is fighting and why?
Details/Outcome:
Toussaint L’Ouverture (later Jacques Dessalines)
France
Who: Haitian slaves
Why:
Over 500,000 Africans are enslaved in Haiti
Harsh work conditions on plantations there
Terrorized by slave owners
Inspired by French Revolution (they’re distracted, now is the time!)
Led by L’Ouverture, a former slave
100,000 slaves revolt
After 2 years, L’Ouverture controlled Haiti and freed the slaves there
Made a deal with the French to end the fighting/slavery, but they betrayed him (sent him to prison)
1804: Haiti earns its independence

22. Results of Latin American Independence

23. 1. No Unity
Cultural differences and geography doom any dream of a united South America:
Gran Colombia fails
Civil wars break out in newly free nations
Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united South America:
Many newly independent countries struggle with civil wars.
By 1830s, geographic factors (mts., the Amazon, etc.) plus cultural differences defeated attempts at unification.
Gran Columbia.
United Provinces of Central America.

24. 2.The rich are still Rich and the poor are still poor
Revolutions = supposed to bring about end of class system, promote equality for all
Real life: Wealth and land remain in the hands of just a few in society
After independence, dictatorships,
unstable governments, and poverty
affected many Latin American nations.
Land and wealth remained in
the hands of a small elite. Caudillos or
military leaders ruled in some places

25. 3. New gov’ts Fail Newly free nations = develop democracies
They don’t work!
They fall apart  no stability in their governments
Failure of Bolivar’s dream for a united South America:
Many newly independent countries struggle with civil wars.
By 1830s, geographic factors (mts., the Amazon, etc.) plus cultural differences defeated attempts at unification.
Gran Columbia.
United Provinces of Central America.

26. 4.There’s a new foreign power in town
Latin American revolutions bring independence, BUT…
These new nations are not left alone!
The U.S enters the fray
Declares themselves to be protectors of Latin America
Leads to Monroe Doctrine in 1823
After independence, dictatorships,
unstable governments, and poverty
affected many Latin American nations.
Land and wealth remained in
the hands of a small elite. Caudillos or
military leaders ruled in some places