1. Chapter 7 The Human Population China: Population- 1.3 Billion people
20% of world population
Creates largest amount of CO2 & SO2
One child policy- fertility rate is 1.6/female. This has been lifted as 2016.
Chapter 7
The Human Population

2. Current World Population

3. By ~10.5 Billion

4. Scientists Disagree on Earth’s Carrying Capacity
Thomas Malthus HUMAN POPULATION size will eventually exceed food supply. Population is growing exponentially while food supply is growing linearly. Many scientists support this view. →
The following graphs show theoretical models of food supply and population size.
Other scientists believe technological advances will help us feed the growing population. →

5. Demography
the study of human populations and population trends. Focuses on:
Fertility and Mortality
Migration

7. The 12 Most Populous Countries in the World

8. Developed vs Developing Countries
Developed countries- high levels of industrialization and income.
Developing countries- low levels of industrialization and income of less that $3 per person per day.

9. Human Population Dynamics
There are just three sources of change in population size —
Fertility
Mortality
Migration
Net migration is the number of immigrants minus emigrants

10. Population Growth

11. Rates of Global Pop. Change
CBR (Crude Birth rate) = # births / 1000
CDR (Crude Death rate) = # deaths /1000
Net Annual Growth rate (r)=
(b + i) – (d + e)/total population x 100

12. Rule of 70 Used to calculate doubling time. 70 / % growth rate
Example:
Country Z’s current growth rate is 2.1%.
70/2.1= 33 years for population to
double.

13. Human Population Dynamics
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The average number of children born to a woman
Average in developed countries = 2.1
Average in developing countries = 3.8
Replacement Fertility Rate (RFR)
The number of children a couple must have to replace themselves

14. Life Expectancy Higher in developed countries.
Females have higher L.E. than males.
U.S. Males- 76, Females 81.

15. Mortality- Infant & Child
Infant- less than 1 year old
Child- 1 yr- 5 yrs
If country has low infant/child mortality it indicates they have a medical available, potable water, sanitation systems, etc.
* Socioeconomic status still plays a role in the variation of mortality rates in developed countries.

16. U.S. Growth Rate
Increased from 1900s-2006: population went from 76 mil to 300+ mil
Baby boom ( ): high TFR: 3.6 children/woman
Projected population for 2100: 571 mil. ENORMOUS IMPACT on ENVIRONMENT!

17. Population in millions US PROJECTED POPULATION
600
Figure 10-9 Page 180
571
500
400
Population in millions
292
300
Total population
200 76
100
Projections
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
2060
2080
2100
Year
US PROJECTED POPULATION

18. Factors Impacting Birth Rates
1. Children used as source of labor
2. Cost of raising and educating child
3. Religious beliefs
4. Availability of birth control

19. Factors Impacting Death Rates
1. Improved medical treatments has increased life expectancies in developed countries.
2. Developing countries: disease (AFRICA-
HIV and AIDS related illnesses)
Lesotho, Africa- HIV infections= 23%
Life expectancy: 63 yrs (1995) TO 40 yrs (1990)

20. The Impact of Affluence
The IPAT equation:
Impact= Population X Affluence X Technology
GDP is made up of consumer spending, investments, government spending, and exports minus imports.
A countries GDP often correlates with its pollution levels. Ex: CHINA

21. Ecological Footprints
Affluence - having a lot of wealth such as money, goods, or property.

22. Demographic Transition Model
Movement of a nation from high population growth to low population as it develops economically. Predictable change.
Focuses on birth and death rates as society changes.

23. Pre-industrial: little growth or no growth.
Growth rate continues to fall to zero or to a negative
rate
Ex: Japan, Russia
standard of living rises; growth rate declines. STEADY STATE. U.S., Canada
low death rates; high birth rates; growth rate rises. Ex: India
Pre-industrial: little growth or no growth.
Lesotho, Africa
Stages 2 and 3- improved healthcare, sanitation, education

24. Population Pyramid & Demographic Transition Model
Triangle shape, high CBR, and low Life expectancy
Note the wide base; short Life expectancy (LE), concave profile
Note the rocket shape appearance
Note the vase shaped profile; STABLE, High L.E.

25. Population Pyramids (Population Age Structure Diagrams)
Bar graph that shows the age and gender composition of a region.
Population Momentum- once a country takes action to reduce births it takes TIME for those actions to catch up with current population.

26. Population Pyramid Horizontal axis (X): gender male: left-hand
female: right-hand
Vertical axis (Y): age
5-year or 10-year age groups

27. Age Structure Diagrams/Histograms
Positive Growth Zero Growth Negative Growth
Pyramid Shape Rectangular shaped Inverted
Slow growth
U.S., Mexico,
Canada
Large # in post-reproductive
age;
Ex: Japan, Germany
Large # of people in
child bearing ages;
developing countries
Ex: India, Kenya
ZPG, low birth rates,
Long life expectancy,
Ex: Hungary, Poland

28. Population Pyramid & Demographic Transition Model
Triangle shape, high CBR, and low Life expectancy
Note the wide base; short Life expectancy (LE), concave profile
Note the rocket shape appearance
Note the vase shaped profile; STABLE, High L.E.

29. More…..

30. Urban area= more than a 1,000 people/sq mile

31. Effects of Population Decline
As percentage of 60+ aged people increases, population begins to decline.
60+ population increase --> severe economic and social problems because 60+ consume:
more medical care
Social Security
costly public services
Labor shortages require automation & immigration

32. What Is Family Planning?
Measures enabling parents to control number of children (if they so desire)
- Goals of Family Planning:
For couples to have healthy children
For couples to be able to care for their children
For couples to have the number of children that they want

33. Rewards and Penalties to Reduce Births
What might work:
encourage, rather than coerce, people to have fewer children
reinforce existing customs and trends toward smaller families
don’t penalize for already existing larger family
increase poor family’s economic status

34. Empowering Women to Reduce Births
Women tend to have fewer, and healthier children when:
they have access to education and paying jobs outside home
their society doesn’t suppress women’s rights
But women do most of the work
not shown in GDP because of lower pay
Women excluded from economic and political decision making

35. Case Studies - India
Family planning efforts began in 1952; fertility rate declined from 5.3 to 3.4 but population grow is still exponential.
Disappointing results due to:
poor planning
bureaucratic inefficiency
low status of women
extreme poverty
lack of administrative & financial support

36. Case Studies - China
Family planning efforts began in 1970; TFR fell from 5.7 to 1.8; infant mortality and illiteracy rates 1/3 to 1/2 of India’s rates
Population control program is extensive, intrusive and strict:
postpone childbearing
only one child/family -->benefits (money, food, etc)
effect b/c China is dictatorship; limited resources would mean disaster
Gov’t provides contraceptives