1. The end of WWII

2. Creation of Offices
Roosevelt created the Office of Scientific Research Development (OSRD)
Improvements on sonar
DDT
Penicillin production
Manhattan Project

3. Battle of Stalingrad (Europe)
Germans had attacked the Soviets
August 1942, Germans approached Stalingrad (Soviet Union)
Named after Stalin
Luftwaffe (German Air force) bombed the city
Germans advanced at first
Used hand to hand combat
By September, the Germans controlled 9/10 of Stalingrad

4. Battle of Stalingrad Winter Sets in
Soviets use the cold as opportunity
Counter Attack
Soviets closed around Stalingrad, trapped the Germans
cut off their supplies
Hitler’s orders: stay and fight
Cold used to roll fresh tanks across the land and start a counterattack against the Germans

5. Casualties of the Cold
*The German commander surrendered on January 31, 1943
*Two days later, his troops also surrendered
In defending Stalingrad, Soviets lost 1,100,000 soldiers
Considered a turning point in war
Soviets in to Germany

6. Allied Invasion of North Africa
Roosevelt argued for an invasion to divert troops from the Soviet front
Wanted to invade Europe
Operation Torch
Invasion of Axis controlled North Africa
Dwight D Eisenhower - Commanding American General in North Africa
Success
Hold of invasion of Europe until enough troops are available

7. Allied Invasion of Italy
Allies invaded Italy in summer of 1943
Italian Government forced Mussolini to Resign
Eventually shot and hung his body
Germans moved into Italy to fight off Allies
Italy was not freed until Germany collapsed in 1945

8. Allied Invasion of Europe
Eisenhower gathered 3 million American, British and Canadian troops.
Code-named Operation Overlord, they invaded the beaches of Northern France on June 6, 1944
Heavy casualties on both sides
Known as D-Day

9. D-Day

10. D-Day

11. D-Day and the Allies
Despite Heavy casualties on both sides, the Allies advance
Begin liberating France from German occupation
By September 1944, Allies had freed France, Belgium and Luxembourg
The victory helped Roosevelt be elected to his fourth term as president.
Unfortunately he died in office of a stroke

12. The End in WWII in Europe
Soviets began pressing west across Poland and into Berlin
Liberated Nazi death camps
SS tried to burn evidence of crimes, it was too late
April 25, 1945 Soviet Army stormed Berlin
Hitler married Eva Braun in underground bunker
Shot himself, she took poison
On May 8th 1945, V-E Day

13. V-E Day

14. Atomic Bomb Japan: large army to defend mainland
Truman saw only way to avoid an invasion of Japan and massive loss of American life was nuclear weapon
Manhattan Project directed by J. Robert Oppenheimer
Truman warned Japan
August 6, 1945 the Enola Gay dropped the first bomb on Hiroshima and second on Nagasaki

15. Hiroshima the day after

16. Nagasaki

17. Hiroshima

18. Hiroshima

19. Atomic Bomb
By the end of the year, over 200,000 people had died as a result of injuries and radiation
Emperor Hirohito: Couldn’t see innocent people suffer anymore
Told Japan’s leaders to draw up papers to end the war

20. End to war in the Pacific
On September 2, 1945: Formal Surrender took place in Tokyo Bay on the battleship Missouri

21. Yalta Conference The Big Three: Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin
February 1945, met in Yalta, Soviet Union. Were celebrating what now seemed to be the almost certain defeat of Germany
Talks turned to how to punish Germany
Stalin: Harsh punishment. Wanted to keep Germany divided into occupation zones (areas controlled by the Allies) so Germany would never again threaten the Soviet Union

22. Yalta Conference
Churchill strongly disagreed with Stalin. However, Roosevelt acted as a mediator between the two men and was prepared to appease Stalin for two reasons:
1) He hoped the Soviet Union would stand by its commitments to join the war against Japan
2) Wanted Stalin’s support for a new world peace organization (The United Nations)

23. Yalta Outcome
Roosevelt convinced Churchill to agree to temporary division of Germany into four zones: American, British, Soviet and French.
Roosevelt and Churchill believed that in time, all zones would reunite
Stalin promised “free elections” in Poland and other Soviet-occupied Eastern European countries
Also agreed to help out in Pacific
Also agreed to participate in a conference in San Francisco about a United Nations

24. Germany divided into zones

25. Nuremberg War Trials
The discovery of Hitler’s death camps led the Allies to put 24 surviving Nazi leaders on trials for crimes against humanity, crimes against peace and war crimes.
12 of the 24 were sentenced to death, most others were sent to prison
Important because it established the idea that individuals are responsible for their own actions, even in times of war
(Could not use “I was following orders” as a defense”)
This principle is firmly entrenched in international law

26. Nuremberg Trials