2. Holocaust Victims… 11 MILLION KILLED 6 million Jews
1.5 million children under 12
“Other Undesirables”
5 million
11 MILLION KILLED

3. In the Beginning…
The Nuremberg Laws

4. “You have no right to live among us as Jews.”

5. “You have no right to live among us.”
SLIDE 5 – HOLOCAUST VICTIMS 5

6. “You have no right to live !”
Photo credit: Leopold Page Photographic Collection

7. German citizens salute Adolf Hitler at the 1938 Olympics in Berlin
SLIDE 12 – NUREMBERG LAWS - The rise of the Nazi party and tools of power
               
In 1933, the President of the German Republic appointed Hitler the position of Chancellor of Germany. The President was old and ill and he realized that his political party was losing power and the Nazi party was getting stronger.
Within weeks, Germany changed from being a republic to being a dictatorship. Hitler opened the first concentration camp – Dachau. The first prisoners were people to oppose his new vision of government: Jehovah’s Witnesses, political criminals, and handicapped people.
A republic is a form of government in which the citizens entitled to vote holds supreme power. A dictatorship is a form of government in which one person, who is historically brutal and oppressive, holds absolute power.
Germany soon passed the laws that took away the rights of the Jewish people and the reign of terror began. Harsh, discriminatory laws (the Nuremberg Laws) were intended to make Jews want to leave Germany. Those discriminatory laws can be summarized in one sentence, “You have no right to live among us as Jews.” Through time that sentence became “You have no right to live among us.” Ultimately, the law became, “You have no right to live.”
courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives 7

8. Kristallnacht “Night Of Broken Glass” 8
SLIDE 36 - SCHINDLER, WALLENBERG, AND FRY
There were many good people, mostly in Europe, who risked their own lives to help and save their friends and neighbors, the Jews. These people have earned the title, "Righteous Among the Nations".
Oskar Schindler - he was not a righteous person in the beginning because he wanted to make money off the war. By hiring Jews to work in his factories, he became a Righteous Person. He saved about 900 people. The movie "Schindler's List" is his story.
Raoul Wallenberg - a Swedish diplomat stationed in Budapest, Hungry. He issued Swedish visas to as many Jews as he could in and around Budapest. Soldiers could not touch any person holding one of these Swedish visas. Wallenberg was arrested and sent to prison in Siberia where he was later murdered. He saved over 10,000 people.
Varian Fry - an American journalist who helped anti-Nazi refugees escape from France. He established a legal French relief organization, The American Relief Center, and worked behind its cover using illegal means - black market funds, forged documents, secret mountain passages, and sea routes - to help endangered refugees from France. His efforts resulted in the rescue of some 2000 persons, including such distinguished artists and intellectuals as Marc Chagall (Russian artist). Fry is the only American named as a "Righteous Among the Nations."
Photo credits: Hauptstaatsarchiv Stuttgart, courtesy of USHMM Photo Archives 8

9. BADGES OF HATE!

12. Family being forced into Ghettos

13. Ghetto Star

14. Elie Wiesel Author of 57 books, including Night
When Wiesel was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986, the Norwegian Nobel Committee called him a "messenger to mankind," stating that through his struggle to come to terms with "his own personal experience of total humiliation and of the utter contempt for humanity shown in Hitler's death camps"

15. People being “resettled” to Concentration Camps

18. Deceitfulness, untrustworthiness
Perfidy: (noun)
Deceitfulness, untrustworthiness
The book draws heavily on transcripts from the trial, and concludes that in 1944 Rudolf Kastner deliberately withheld from the Jews in Hungary that the trains the Nazis were putting them on were taking them to death by the gas chamber, not to a fictitious resettlement city as the Nazis claimed,

19. Prisoners arriving at the camps…
 SLIDE 18 – BADGES OF HATE
Badges – labeling system
The German government had a mandated labeling system that identified members of so-called undesirable groups.
Wearing symbols or badges stripped away the humanity of the people who wore them.
Example of present day possibilities: Imagine if you were segregated out because you were left handed, or if you received a poor grade in school.
Prisoners arriving at the camps… 19

20. “Work will set you free”
Entrance to Auschwitz
“Work will set you free”

21. Kitty Hart-Moxon

23. Crowded Conditions

24. 24 SLIDE 31 - PILE OF BODIES AND VICTIM OF EXPERIMENT
Scores of Nazi doctors and medical researchers were given permission to carry out medical experiments on people in the camp where specially equipped laboratories were built.
Dr. Josef Mengele, "Angel of Death," was in charge of the staff, which performed the medical experiments in the name of “scientific research”. The experiments were a form of torture because none were done using anesthesia.
Children as well as adults were used in experiments.
People were injected with terrible diseases; organs were removed, and some experiments were done for specific reasons. For example, men were placed in cold water to see how long they could live before they succumbed to hypothermia. This experiment provided the Nazis with a time limit on how long their pilots could survive in water if they were shot down over the Baltic or North Sea.
Every experiment was documented. 24

25. Photo credit: German National Archives

26. SLIDE 17 – KRISTALLNACHT - Sound of breaking glass automatically plays.
“Night of Crystal” or “Night of Broken Glass” – a government organized riot.
A form of terrorism.
Kristallnacht was the name given to the first major attack on the Jewish population of Germany and Austria on November 9-10, The proclaimed objective of the Nazi regime was to rid Europe of its Jewish population. In November 1938, following the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris by a young Jewish student trying desperately to help his parents obtain visas to return to their homeland, all synagogues in Germany were set on fire, windows of Jewish shops were smashed, and thousands of Jews were arrested. The “Night of Broken Glass” (Kristallnacht) was a signal to Jews in Germany and Austria to leave as soon as possible. Several hundred thousand people were able to find refuge in other countries, but a similar number, including many who were old or poor, stayed to face an uncertain fate.
November 8, 1938, at an annual celebration at a beer hall, Hitler was overheard telling Goebbels, Hitler’s Chief of Propaganda, that the “SA should have a fling”
The event was described as a “spontaneous” outrage of German anger against the Jewish population because of the murder of the German diplomat. It also served as “proof” that the Jews were depicted honestly in the Nazi propaganda campaign. Nazi offices all over Germany were given specific details as to what to do during this progrom: burn synagogues, smash windows of Jewish businesses, ransack Jewish businesses and homes, and arrest all Jewish males, taking them to concentration camps. Over one hundred Jews were killed that night; others were subjected to torture. An estimated 20,000 children were left homeless and fatherless by the destruction of Kristallnacht and imprisonment of Jewish men.
Even the very young… 26

27. eyeglasses

28. Shoes 28 SLIDE 20 – STAR OF DAVID
Badges helped Nazis keep track of Jews and others not only in prison camps but also in communities across Nazi-controlled territory.
The badges people wore were mandated and had nothing to do with any personal choices they had made.
Shoes 28

31. Joseph Sher

36. Liberated Russian children cheer / Dachau
SLIDE 25 - PEOPLE LOADING ON TO TRAINS
Trains used to transport the Jews to the camps.
Boxcars built to hold 8 horses or 40 people were used to transport no fewer than 100 people, often as many as 200 people, were jammed into a boxcar
Crowded conditions – You could not sit down; no food, no water, no lights and no bathrooms. The people who were crushed to death were left on board with the living until the boxcar reached the camp.
The only fresh air came from a small vent at one end of the boxcar or a small window at the other end.
The train rides could last days.
Thousands died - because the people coming from the ghettos were already malnourished or diseased and could not survive the transport.
Liberated Russian children cheer / Dachau 36

37. Righteous Among the Nations
Resistance
Righteous Among the Nations
Oskar Schindler
Raoul Wallenberg
Varian Fry
Fry
Wallenberg
Schindler

38. Conscience and Courage

39. “In Germany they first came for the Communists, and I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a Jew. Then they came for the trade unionists, and I didn’t speak up because I wasn’t a trade unionist. Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn’t speak up because I was a Protestant. Then they came for me – and by that time no one was left to speak up.”
-Reverend Martin Niemoeller,
Protestant minister, Germany, and concentration camp survivor

40. Have Any Genocides Occurred Since the Holocaust?
Holocaust refers specifically to the Jewish/Undesirables Genocide we have presented today
Genocide - mass murder of a group of people
Cambodia Genocide
Kurdish genocide in Turkey and Iraq
Rwandan genocide in Africa
1991 – Bosnian genocide in Europe
Sudan (Darfur) genocide
May we never let it happen again…