1. Standards
Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules
Objectives

2. PROTEINS

3. Proteins Monomer amino acids connected by peptide bonds Polymer
Polypeptides
Usu. Multiple polypeptides bind together to form a protein
Elements: CHON

4. Amino Acids
Elements that make: C,H,O,N
Every A.A. has:
a carboxyl group
an amino groups
an R group (side chain that varies)

5. Draw a Protein

6. 20 different amino acids
The sequence of amino acids determines the shape of the protein

7. Did you know?
Our body can only synthesize 12 of the 20 amino acids.

8. Think – Pair – Share
Where do we get the other 8 amino acids?

9. Think – Pair – Share
Why is becoming a vegetarian potentially dangerous?

10. Polar bears
What reaction occurs to form peptide bonds?

11. Draw a polypeptide chain

12. Examples of Protein Functions
Immune System
Antibodies (proteins) bind to foreign substances
Transport
Membrane transport proteins - move substances across cell membranes
Hemoglobin carries oxygen, iron, and other substances through the body.
Enzymes!
Signaling / Hormones - Hormones such as insulin regulate sugar levels in blood.

14. Proteins are very complex
Proteins are very complex! Their specific structure determines their function.
HEMOGLOBIN: Transport of gases and iron in blood
ACTIN: Filament involved in muscle contraction

15. Four Levels of Protein Structure
Primary structure
The unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
Figure 5.20 –
Amino acid subunits
+H3N Amino end o
Carboxyl end c
Gly
Pro
Thr
Glu
Seu
Lys
Cys
Leu
Met
Val
Asp
Ala
Arg
Ser
lle
Phe
His
Asn
Tyr
Trp
Lle

16. Is the folding of the polypeptide one time
Secondary structure
Is the folding of the polypeptide one time
Forms an a helix or a b pleated sheet O C
α helix
β pleated sheet
Amino acid subunits N H R

17. Is the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide
Tertiary structure
Is the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide
CH2 CH
O H O C HO
NH3+ -O S
CH3
H3C
Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions
Polypeptide backbone
Hydrogen bond
Ionic bond
Disulfide bridge

18. Quaternary structure
Is the overall protein structure that results from the combination of two or more polypeptide subunits

19. Polar Bears
Explain the four levels of protein structure to your penguin

20. Penguins
Where does the protein folding occur within a cell?

21. Sickle Cell Disease

22. Sickle Cell Disease: A simple change in Primary Structure

23. Enzymes
proteins that act as a catalyst

24. Environmental Factors That Effect Protein ShapepH
Temperature
Salinity
Denatured protein is biologically inactive
Can sometimes “renature” if primary structure is unchanged.

25. Penguins
List at least 2 factors that effect protein structure

26. Standards
Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules
Objectives

27. LIPIDS What are Lipids? Fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, pigments
Do NOT consist of polymers

28. Monomers – not a true monomer
The building blocks of all lipids are called
Fatty Acids
Hydrophobic (“hydro”=water; “phobic” = fearing)
Consist of:
hydrocarbons (long chains of hydrogen & carbon)
a carboxyl group on the end

29. Functions of Lipids in living things:
Energy storage
Cell membrane structure
Protecting against desiccation (drying out).
Insulating against cold.
Absorbing shocks.
Regulating cell activities by hormone actions.

30. Structure of Common Fats - Triglycerides
Consist of a single glycerol and usually three fatty acids
Glycerol – an alcohol with three carbons
Fatty Acid - Long Hydrocarbon chains with a Carboxyl group at one end.

32. Draw a Lipid
Triglyceride

33. Phospholipids
Structure: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group.
Function: Main structural component of membranes, where they arrange in bilayers.

34. Draw a Phospholipid
Next to your triglyceride, draw a phospholipid
Label the parts/components
Label the drawing as a phospholipid

35. Phospholipids in Water

36. Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
(b) Unsaturated fat and fatty acid
cis double bond
causes bending
Oleic acid
Unsaturated fats :
one or more double bonds between carbons
liquid at room temp
most plant fats
Saturated fats:
No double bonds
solid at room temp
most animal fats
(a) Saturated fat and fatty acid
Stearic acid

37. Unsaturated fatty acid

38. Waxes
Lipids that serve as coatings for plant parts and as animal coverings.
Found in membranes
Form the sex hormones
Steroids

39. Standards
Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules
Objectives

40. NUCLEIC ACIDS

41. Monomers = Nucleotides
Nucleotide = 5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base
Deoxyribose in DNA
Ribose in RNA

42. Two Types of Nucleic Acids Polymers
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
double stranded
made of genes which code for proteins
Deoxyribose
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
single stranded
Uses DNA as a template to synthesis of proteins
ribose

43. Function of Nucleic Acids : The stuff of Genes
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information
Genes
Are the units of inheritance
Code for the sequence of amino acids(making polypeptides)
Made of nucleic acids

44. Both polymers function together for protein synthesis

45. Drawing DNA

46. Summary of the Organic Molecules:
Macromolecule Monomer Elements
Carbs
monosaccharides
CH2O
Lipids
Fatty Acids
CHO
Proteins
Amino Acids
CHON
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
CHONP

47. Summary of the Organic Molecules: