1. BIOLOGY NOTES BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY PART 2 PAGES 36-39

2. Standards Essential Question
1.4
___ Interpret formula representations of molecules and compounds in terms of composition and structure
Essential Question 1.
Why are carbon based molecules the
foundation of life?

3. I. Matter Matter = anything that occupies _____ and has _____.
List three different types of matter…
space
mass

4. A. The Structure of Matter
Atoms = the basic units of ________
Atoms can be broken down into smaller parts called ____________ particles
proton = subatomic particle that
has a ________ charge
matter
subatomic
positive

5. nucleus = the center of the ______ where protons and neutrons are located
c. electron = subatomic particle that has a
________ charge
electrons are in constant ________ around the _________ in an area known as the electron cloud
b. neutron = subatomic article that
has ____ charge no
atom
negative
motion
nucleus

6. The electron cloud has different ________ levels that can hold a specific number of electrons
1st level (closest to the nucleus) =
______ electrons
2nd level = ______ electrons
energy 2 8

8. 2. Elements Element = a pure substance that consists
entirely of _______ type of atom
elements cannot be _______ down into simpler substances
each element is represented by a _______ symbol 1
broken
chemical

10. K
Oxygen = ___
Sodium = ___
Chlorine = ___
Sulfur = ___
Hydrogen = ___
Carbon = ___ O
Potassium = ___
Magnesium = ___
Calcium = ___
Phosphorus = ___
Nitrogen = ___
Iron = ___ Na Mg Cl Ca S P H N C Fe

11. Of the naturally occurring elements, only about 25 are essential to ______.
Of these 25, four ___, ___, ___, and ___ make up 96% of the mass of a human and are essential for life.
The rest of the elements are present in very _______ amounts.
life C H O N
small

12. 1. Atomic Number = the number of _________ in an element.
This is the element’s __________ because no two elements have the same amount of protons.
e.g.
protons
fingerprint
C = 6, N= 7, O = 8, etc.

15. II. The Combination of Matter
A. Compounds
Compound = a substance formed by the
________ combination of ___ or more
elements.
e.g.
chemical 2
NaCl (salt)
H2O (water)
C6H12O6 (glucose)

16. chemical formula = a shorthand method of writing compositions of ___________
e.g. salt = NaCl water = H2O
subscript = in chemical formulas, the small _______ next to the element that tells how many ______ of that element are in the compound
e.g. H2O = 1 atom O, 2 atoms H
C6H12O6 = 6 atoms C, 12 atoms H,
6 atoms O
compounds
number
atoms

17. How many atoms of each element are there in…..
7 atoms carbon,
3 atoms oxygen,
2 atoms hydrogen
C7O3H2 =
C57H110O6 =
57 atoms carbon,
110 atoms hydrogen,
6 atoms oxygen

18. C7N4O2H9 =
CO2CaNa =
7 atoms carbon,
4 atoms nitrogen,
2 atoms oxygen,
9 atoms hydrogen
1 atom carbon,
2 atoms oxygen,
1 atom calcium,
1 atom sodium

19. B. Chemical Bonds – the formation of compounds
Elements will only combine to form
compounds when they become more
______ by forming a compound
Atoms of different elements become more stable when they have ______ electrons in their outer ___________
stable
eight
energy level
(valence shell = outer energy level)

20. 1. Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bond = a chemical bond formed between two ______ when one or more _________ are transferred between the atoms resulting in atoms of _________ charge which are attracted to each other
e.g.
atoms
electrons
opposite
salt

22. b. Covalent Bond = a chemical bond
formed between two _____ when they
share two or more _________
e.g.
atoms
electrons
water, carbohydrates, & fats

24. molecule = the structure that results when atoms are joined by _________ bonds
molecules make up most of the compounds found in ______ things
superscript = in chemical formulas, the large number found in ________ of compounds that tells how many ___________ of that compound exist
e.g.
covalent
living
front
molecules
2H20 = 2 molecules of water
(4 atoms of Hydrogen,
2 atoms of Oxygen)

25. How many molecules? vs. How many atoms?
5 molecules of polyester
vs.
50 atoms carbon,
20 atoms oxygen,
20 atoms hydrogen
5C10O4H4 =
3C12H13ON =
3 molecules of bug spray
vs.
36 atoms of carbon
39 atoms of hydrogen
3 atoms of oxygen
3 atoms of nitrogen