Smooth Muscle Tissue (7-8)

Smooth Muscle Tissue (7-8)
Found in the walls of most organs, in the form of sheets, bundles, or sheaths Lacks myofibrils, sarcomeres, or striations Smooth muscle cells Also smaller than skeletal fibers Spindle-shaped and have a single nucleus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Thick filaments are scattered throughout sarcoplasm Thin filaments are anchored to the sarcolemma Causing contraction to be like a twisting corkscrew Cells are bound together Resulting in forces being transmitted throughout the tissue © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Different from other muscle types Calcium ions from the extracellular fluid are needed to trigger a contraction mechanism that is different from other muscle tissues Function involuntarily Can respond to hormones or pacesetter cells © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7-10 Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Tissues.
muscle cell Intercalated discs Cardiac muscle tissue LM x 575 A light micrograph of cardiac muscle tissue. Circular muscle layer T Longitudinal muscle layer L Smooth muscle tissue LM x 100 Many visceral organs contain several layers of smooth muscle tissue oriented in different directions. Here, a single sectional view shows smooth muscle cells in both longitudinal (L) and transverse (T) sections. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 7-2 A Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle Tissues
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Checkpoint (7-8) How do intercalated discs enhance the functioning of cardiac muscle tissue? Extracellular calcium ions are important for the contraction of what type(s) of muscle tissue? Why can smooth muscle contract over a wider range of resting lengths than skeletal muscle? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Skeletal Muscle System Names (7-9)
Based on: Action What they do Origin The end that stays stationary Insertion The end that moves © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Actions (7-9) Described as relative to the bone that is moved
Example, "flexion of the forearm" Described as the joint that is involved Example, "flexion at the elbow" © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Primary Actions of Muscles (7-9)
Prime mover, or agonist The muscle that is chiefly responsible for producing a movement Antagonist A muscle that opposes another muscle Synergist A muscle that helps the prime mover Example, flexion of the elbow The biceps brachii is the prime mover, the triceps brachii is the antagonist, and the brachialis is the synergist © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 7-3 Muscle Terminology (1 of 2)

Table 7-3 Muscle Terminology (2 of 2)

Muscle Terminology (7-9)
Combining the various terms in Table 7-3, anatomists name the muscles using: Location, direction of fibers, number of origins, and/or function Muscles are organized into two groups Axial muscles (mostly stabilizers) Appendicular muscles (stabilizers or movers of the limbs) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7-11a An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles.
Frontalis Temporalis Trapezius Masseter Clavicle Deltoid Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis major Sternum Biceps brachii Latissimus dorsi Triceps brachii Serratus anterior External oblique Brachialis Rectus abdominis Pronator teres Extensor carpi radialis Palmaris longus Brachioradialis Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor digitorum Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Iliopsoas Adductor longus Vastus lateralis Gracilis Rectus femoris Sartorius Patella Vastus medialis Tibia Tibialis anterior Fibularis Extensor digitorum Gastrocnemius Soleus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view

Figure 7-11b An Overview of the Major Skeletal Muscles.
Occipitalis Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Deltoid Infraspinatus Teres minor Teres major Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi Rhomboid major Brachioradialis Extensor carpi Flexor carpi ulnaris radialis External oblique Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi ulnaris Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus medius Semitendinosus Gluteus maximus Adductor magnus Biceps femoris Semimembranosus Gracilis Sartorius Gastrocnemius Soleus Calcaneal tendon © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Calcaneus Posterior view

Checkpoint (7-9) Identify the kinds of descriptive information used to name skeletal muscles. Which muscle is the antagonist of the biceps brachii? What does the name flexor carpi radialis longus tell you about this muscle? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Axial Muscles (7-10) Muscles of the head and neck Muscles of the spine
Muscles of the trunk Muscles of the pelvic floor © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles of the Head and Neck (7-10)
Orbicularis oris Constricts the mouth opening Buccinator Compresses check to blow forcefully Masseter Prime mover for chewing Temporalis and pterygoid Synergists for chewing Digastric Depresses the mandible Sternocleidomastoid Rotates head or flexes neck © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles of the Head and Neck (7-10)
Epicranium, or scalp, contains a two-part muscle, the occipitofrontalis Anterior frontalis Posterior occipitalis Connected by epicranial aponeurosis Platysma Covers ventral neck extending from the base of the neck to the mandible Mylohyoid Supports the tongue Stylohyoid Connects hyoid to styloid process © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7-12 Muscles of the Head and Neck.
Epicranial aponeurosis (tendinous sheet) Frontalis Temporalis Orbicularis oculi Occipitalis Zygomaticus Buccinator Orbicularis oris Masseter Depressor anguli oris Sternocleidomastoid Epicranial aponeurosis (tendinous sheet) Platysma Frontalis Temporalis Lateral view Orbicularis oculi Zygomaticus Masseter Orbicularis oris Buccinator Depressor anguli oris Platysma Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid Mandible Platysma (cut and reflected) Lateral view, pterygoid muscles exposed © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view

Figure 7-13 Muscles of the Anterior Neck.
Mandible Mylohyoid Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Digastric Hyoid bone Sternocleidomastoid (cut) Cartilages of larynx Sternothyroid Sternohyoid Clavicle Cut heads of sternocleidomastoid Sternocleidomastoid © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sternum

Table 7-4 Muscles of the Head and Neck (1 of 2)

Table 7-4 Muscles of the Head and Neck (2 of 2)

Muscles of the Spine (7-10)
Splenius capitis and semispinalis capitis Work together to either extend the head or tilt the head Erector spinae Are spinal extensors and include spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis Quadratus lumborum Flex the spinal column and depress the ribs © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7-14 Muscles of the Spine.
Semispinalis capitis Splenius capitis Iliocostalis Erector spinae muscles Longissimus Spinalis Quadratus lumborum © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 7-5 Muscles of the Spine

Axial Muscles of the Trunk (7-10)
External and internal intercostals Elevate and depress ribs, respectively Diaphragm Muscle used for inhalation of breath External and internal obliques, and the transversus abdominis Compress abdomen, can flex spine Rectus abdominis Depresses ribs, flexes spine © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7-15 Oblique and Rectus Muscles and the Diaphragm.
abdominis Xiphoid process External oblique Inferior vena cava External intercostal T10 Internal intercostal Central tendon of diaphragm Esophagus Serratus anterior Diaphragm Aorta Spinal cord Erector spinae group Superior view at the level of the diaphragm Rectus abdominis Serratus anterior Linea alba External oblique Internal intercostal External intercostal External oblique Aponeurosis External oblique (cut) L3 Transversus abdominis Quadratus lumborum Internal oblique Internal oblique Linea alba (midline band of dense connective tissue) Rectus abdominis Anterior view Horizontal section view at the level of the umbilicus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 7-6 Axial Muscles of the Trunk

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (7-10)
Form the perineum and support the organs of the pelvic cavity Flex the coccyx Control materials moving through the anus and urethra with sphincters © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7-16 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor.
Superficial Dissections Deep Dissections Urethra External urethral sphincter Ischiocavernosus Bulbospongiosus Vagina Central tendon of perineum Transverse perineus Levator ani Anus External anal sphincter Gluteus maximus Female No differences between deep musculature in male and female Testis Urethra (connecting segment removed) External urethral sphincter Ischiocavernosus Bulbospongiosus Central tendon of perineum Transverse perineus Anus Levator ani Gluteus maximus External anal sphincter Male © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 7-7 Muscles of the Pelvic Floor

Checkpoint (7-10) If you were contracting and relaxing your masseter muscle, what would you probably be doing? Which facial muscle would you expect to be well developed in a trumpet player? Damage to the external intercostal muscles would interfere with what important process? If someone were to hit you in your rectus abdominis, how would your body position change? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Appendicular Muscles (7-11)
Muscles that position the pectoral girdle Muscles that move the arm, forearm, and wrist Muscles that move the hand and fingers Muscles of the pelvic girdle Muscles that move the thigh and leg Muscles that move the foot and toes © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles That Position Pectoral Girdle (7-11)
Trapezius Diamond-shaped muscle, has many actions depending on the region Rhomboid Adducts and rotates scapula laterally Levator scapulae Adducts and elevates scapula Serratus anterior Abducts and rotates scapula Pectoralis minor and subclavius Depress and abduct shoulder © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7-17 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle.
Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Trapezius Levator scapulae Rhomboid muscles Scapula Serratus anterior Triceps brachii T12 vertebra Posterior view Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Trapezius Levator scapulae Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Subclavius Pectoralis minor Pectoralis minor (cut) Serratus anterior Pectoralis major (cut and reflected) Internal intercostals Biceps brachii External intercostals Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 7-8 Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle

Muscles That Move the Arm (7-11)
Deltoid Abducts arm, supraspinatus assists Subscapularis, teres major, infraspinatus, and teres minor Form the rotator cuff Pectoralis major Flexes the arm at the shoulder Latissimus dorsi Extends the arm at the shoulder PLAY A&P FLIX™ Rotator cuff muscles: An overview (a) PLAY A&P FLIX™ Rotator cuff muscles: An overview (b) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7-18 Muscles That Move the Arm.
Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Sternum Clavicle Ribs (cut) Muscles That Move the Arm Muscles That Move the Arm Deltoid Subscapularis Pectoralis major Coracobrachialis Teres major Biceps brachii Vertebra T12 Anterior view Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Vertebra T1 Muscles That Move the Arm Muscles That Move the Arm Supraspinatus Supraspinatus Deltoid Infraspinatus Latissimus dorsi Teres minor Teres major Triceps brachii Posterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 7-9 Muscles That Move the Arm

Muscles That Move the Forearm and Wrist (7-11)
Biceps brachii Flexes the elbow and supinates forearm Triceps brachii Extends elbow Brachialis and brachioradialis Flex elbow Flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi radialis, and palmaris longus Flex wrist Extensor carpi radialis and extensor carpi ulnaris Extend wrist Pronators and supinators Rotate radius © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles That Move the Hand (7-11)
Extensor digitorum Extends fingers Flexor digitorum Flexes fingers Abductor pollicis Abducts thumb Extensor pollicis Extends thumb PLAY A&P FLIX™ The elbow joint and forearm: An overview © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7-19 Muscles That Move the Forearm and Wrist.
Humerus Coracobrachialis Triceps brachii Brachioradialis Biceps brachii Brachialis Extensor carpi radialis Brachioradialis Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi ulnaris Extensor digitorum Flexor digitorum superficialis Palmaris longus Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor carpi ulnaris Abductor pollicis Flexor retinaculum Pronator quadratus Ulna Extensor pollicis Supinator Extensor retinaculum Pronator teres Ulna Radius Anterior view of the muscles of pronation and supination when the limb is supinated Posterior view of right upper limb Anterior view of right upper limb © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 7-10 Muscles That Move the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand (1 of 2)

Table 7-10 Muscles That Move the Forearm, Wrist, and Hand (2 of 2)

Checkpoint (7-11) Which muscle do you use to shrug your shoulders?
Sometimes baseball pitchers suffer rotator cuff injuries. Which muscles are involved in this type of injury? Injury to the flexor carpi ulnaris would impair which two movements? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Muscles That Move the Thigh (7-11)
Gluteal group Includes gluteus maximus, the largest and most posterior; is a hip extensor Adductors Include the adductor magnus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, the pectineus, and the gracilis Largest hip flexor is the iliopsoas Made up of the psoas major and the iliacus PLAY A&P FLIX™ Anterior muscles that cross the hip joint © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7-20 Muscles That Move the Thigh.
Iliac crest Sacrum Gluteal Group Gluteus medius (cut) Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Sartorius Gluteus maximus (cut) Gluteus minimus Tensor fasciae latae Rectus femoris Iliotibial tract Vastus lateralis Biceps femoris Gluteal region, posterior view Semimembranosus Plantaris Patella Head of fibula Patellar ligament Lateral view Iliopsoas Group Psoas major L L 5 5 Iliacus Adductor Group Pectineus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis Anterior view of the iliopsoas muscle and the adductor group © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 7-11 Muscles That Move the Thigh (1 of 3)

Muscles That Move the Leg (7-11)
Knee flexors are the hamstrings Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and the sartorius Knee extensors are the quadriceps femoris Which include the rectus femoris and the three vastus muscles Popliteus muscle Unlocks the knee joint © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7-21 Muscles That Move the Leg.
Iliac crest Gluteus medius Tensor fasciae latae Iliacus Iliopsoas Psoas major Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus maximus Pectineus Adductor longus Gracilis Adductor magnus Sartorius Gracilis Extensors of the Knee (Quadriceps muscles) Iliotibial tract Flexors of the Knee Rectus femoris Biceps femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Semitendinosus Vastus intermedius (deep to above muscles) Semimembranosus Quadriceps tendon Sartorius Patella Popliteus Patellar ligament Hip and thigh, posterior view Quadriceps and thigh muscles, anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 7-12 Muscles That Move the Leg

Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (7-11)
The gastrocnemius of the calf is assisted by the underlying soleus They share a common calcaneal tendon, and are both plantar flexors Fibularis muscles Produce eversion and plantar flexion Tibialis Cause inversion of the foot Tibialis anterior is largest and produces dorsiflexion © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7-22a Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
Superficial Dissection Deep Dissection Ankle Extensors Plantaris Head of fibula Gastrocnemius Ankle Extensors (Deep) Soleus Popliteus Tibialis posterior Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis Digital Flexors Gastrocnemius (cut and removed) Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Tendon of flexor digitorum longus Calcaneal tendon Tendon of flexor hallucis longus Calcaneus Tendons of fibularis muscles Posterior views © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7-22b Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
Iliotibial tract Head of fibula Ankle Extensors Gastrocnemius Ankle Flexors Fibularis longus Tibialis anterior Soleus Fibularis brevis Digital Extensors Extensor digitorum longus Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Calcaneal tendon Retinacula Lateral view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 7-22c Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes.
Patella Medial surface of tibial shaft Patellar ligament Ankle Flexors Ankle Extensors Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius Soleus Digital Extensors Tibialis posterior Tendon of extensor hallucis longus Calcaneal tendon Retinacula Tendon of tibialis anterior Medial view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Table 7-13 Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (1 of 2)

Table 7-13 Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes (2 of 2)

Checkpoint (7-11) You often hear of athletes suffering a "pulled hamstring." To what does this phrase refer? How would you expect a torn calcaneal tendon to affect movement of the foot? © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Four Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle (7-12)
Muscle fibers become smaller in diameter Muscles become less elastic and more fibrous Tolerance for exercise decreases due to a decrease in thermoregulation Ability to recover from injury is decreased © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Exercise Engages Multiple Systems (7-13)
Cardiovascular system Increases heart rate and speeds up delivery of oxygen Respiratory system Increases rate and depth of respiration Integumentary system Dilation of blood vessels and sweating combine to increase cooling Nervous and endocrine systems Control of heart rate, respiratory rate, and release of stored energy © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

SYSTEM INTEGRATOR Figure 7-23 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Body System Muscular System Muscular System Body System Integumentary Removes excess body heat; synthesizes vitamin D3 for calcium and phosphate absorption; protects underlying muscles Skeletal muscles pulling on skin of face produce facial expressions Integumentary (Page 138) Provides mineral reserve for maintaining normal calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids; supports skeletal muscles; provides sites of attachment Provides movement and support; stresses exerted by tendons maintain bone mass; stabilizes bones and joints Skeletal Skeletal (Page 188) The MUSCULAR System The muscular system performs five primary functions for the human body. It produces skeletal movement, helps maintain posture and body position, supports soft tissues, guards entrances and exits to the body, and helps maintain body temperature. Nervous (Page 302) Endocrine (Page 376) Cardiovascular (Page 467) Lymphatic (Page 500) Respiratory (Page 532) Digestive (Page 572) Urinary (Page 637) Reproductive (Page 671) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Checkpoint (7-13) What major function does the muscular system perform for the body as a whole? Identify the physiological effects of exercise on the cardiovascular, respiratory, and integumentary systems, and indicate the relationship between these physiological effects and the nervous and endocrine systems. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Smooth Muscle Tissue (7-8)

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