1. Byzantine Empire and The Crusades

2. Fall of the Western Roman Empire

3. Fall of the Roman Empire
164 – Antonian Plague spreads through Rome
180 – End of Pax Romana
300 – Diocletian divides the Empire
313 – Constantine legalizes Christianity: Edict of Milan
410 – Visigoths sack Rome
455 – Vandals sack Rome
476 – Fall of the Western Roman Empire (East survives)

4. Germanic Successor States
Decentralized Society
German chieftains replace Roman rule
Germanic tradition replaced Roman law
Peasants turn to local lords for safety
Subsistence Agriculture
Power shifts from Italy to France

5. Eastern Rome – A Survivor Society
Constantine established the Eastern capital at Byzantium
Constantinople
Reasons for Survival
Higher level of civilization
Fewer nomadic invasions
Prosperous commerce
Stronger military

6. Justinian ( )
Byzantine empire reached greatest size under Justinian ( )
Wanted to rebuild Roman Empire
Temporarily regained North Africa, Italy and southern Spain
Rebuilt Constantinople
Built Hagia Sophia
The most splendid church in the Western world
1. The Code contained nearly 5,000 Roman laws, which the experts still
considered useful for the Byzantine Empire.
2. The Digest quoted and summarized the opinions of Rome’s greatest legal
thinkers about the laws. This massive work ran to a total of 50 volumes.
3. The Institutes was a textbook that told law students how to use the laws.
4. The Novellae (New Laws) presented legislation passed after 534.

7. Byzantine Empire under Justinian
Whatever his true character, the new emperor quickly decided to make good on his claim to be the head of the whole Roman Empire— of both eastern and western parts. In 533, he sent his best general Belisarius (behl•uh•SAIR•ee•uhs) to recover North Africa from the Vandals. Belisarius got the job done in a few months. Two years later, Belisarius attacked Rome and took it from the Ostrogoths. But the city was repeatedly attacked by other Germanic tribes. In the next 16 years, Rome changed hands six times. After numerous campaigns, Justinian’s armies won nearly all of Italy and parts of Spain. Justinian now ruled almost all the territory that Rome had ever ruled. He could honestly call himself a new Caesar.

8. Hagia Sophia
When Justinian rebuilt Hagia Sophia, he resolved to make it the most splendid church in the Christian world. Down through the centuries, rich mosaics glittered in the light of a thousand lamps and candles. In fact, more than 400 years after Justinian built his cathedral, the beauty of Hagia Sophia helped convince visiting Russian nobles that their country should adopt Byzantine Christianity. The main street running through Constantinople was the Mese (MEHS•ee) or “Middle Way.” It ran from the imperial complex through a series of public squares and then in two branches to the outer walls.

9. Religious Icon

10. Justinian Code The Code 5,000 laws The Digest
Justinian also created a code of laws known as Justinian Code. It had 4 parts
The Code
5,000 laws
The Digest
Summarized the opinions of Rome’s greatest thinkers
The Institutes
Textbook used by law students
The Novellae
Laws passed after 535 A.D.

11. The “New Rome” - Constantinople
Political, economic, and cultural heart of the empire
Largest city in Europe
Nearly 1 million people
Important trade city
Europe’s busiest marketplace

12. Rome makes a “comeback”
Although Rome has fallen, the Catholic Church stayed an important part of society
Looked for a king to serve as protector for the church
The Pope turns to Clovis, a converted Christian, and King of the Franks

13. The Franks – a timeline Clovis I (466-511) Charles Martel (688-741)
United the Franks
Converted to Christianity
Charles Martel ( )
Defeated the Muslims at Battle of Tours
Charlemagne ( )
Centralized authority
Regains Italy and saves the Pope from danger
Pope crowns him Holy Roman Emperor
Battle of Tours, 732

14. The Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire Byzantine Empire
Islamic Empire

15. The Church Divides Saint John Chrysostom Emperor Leo III
Patriarch - Leading Bishop in the East
Emperor Leo III
Banned use of religious icons
Icons- religious images used by eastern Christians to aid their devotions
Pope in Rome gets involved
Excommunicates the Emperor
Excommunicate- to be outcast from the church

16. The Great Schism - 1054 Orthodox Christianity
Roman Catholic Christianity
Eastern Europe
Constantinople
Greek
Iconoclasm
Priests could marry
Easter
Caesaropapism
Western Europe
Rome
Latin
Support use of icons
Priests must remain celibate
Christmas
Pope
.) In 1054, matters came to a head when the pope and the patriarch excommunicated each other in a dispute over religious doctrine. After this schism (SIHZ•uhm), or split, Christianity was permanently divided between the Roman Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East.
As West and East grew apart, the two traditions of Christianity competed for souls. Missionaries from the Orthodox Church, for example, took their form of Christianity north to the Slavs. Two of the most successful eastern missionaries, Saint Methodius and Saint Cyril (SEER•uhl), worked among the Slavs in the 9th century.
arguments between Pope in West and Emperor in the East
keep HRE and Byzantine Empire separate

17. Trouble for Christian Europe
Holy Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
Islamic Empire

18. Problems – The “Turks” Eastern Empire very close to Islamic world
Seljuk Turks try to take Byzantium (semi-successful)
Take the “Holy lands,” but not Constantinople
Leads to the “Crusades”
The two empires come together to fight the Muslims and take back Jerusalem

19. The Crusades
The Crusades – a series of “holy wars” that lasted hundreds of years
The Muslim Turks had taken control of Jerusalem
Pope Urban II calls upon all Christians in Europe to take back the holy land from the Muslims
Pope declares that all who join will be forgiven of their sins
Rulers and nobles from all different kingdoms come together to fight for a common cause

20. Effects of the Crusades
Although the Christians did regain temporary control of Jerusalem, The Turks proved to be too much for the European crusaders
However, there were other effects:
Effects of the Crusades
Spread of new ideas and technology
Increased trade:
And a new Middle Class of Merchants
Bad blood between Christians, Jews, and Muslims