1. The Scientific Revolution

2. What Ideas about the universe and the natural world did the world believe up to today?
Scholars relied on traditional authorities (the Church) for beliefs about structure of universe
Geocentric theory, Aristotle
Earth center of universe
Sun, moon, planets revolved
around Earth
Ideas upheld by church, accepted
authority for European intellectuals

3. Scientific Revolution—a movement in the 1600s in which new technology and innovative approaches to seeking knowledge led to a breakthrough in European thought. (Everything was questioned; nothing was assumed)

4. Deductive Reasoning
Observing something general & using logic to prove a hypothesis (unproven question)
Use Scientific Method to prove hypothesis
Premise: All dogs have four legs
Premise: Rover is a dog
Conclusion:
This method goes from big to small
Rover has four legs

5. Scientific Method Theory—Observation of something in nature
Form Hypothesis—come up with a question about observation
Experimentation—conduct tests to determine answers to hypothesis
Confirmation—analyze & interpret data to see if hypothesis is true
This method goes from big to small

6. Inductive Reason
Observing something specific & using logic to make a general statement
Observation: John came to class late this morning
Observation: John’s hair was uncombed
Prior experience: John is very fussy about his hair
Conclusion:
John overslept

7. Reasons for Scientific Revolution
Renaissance—emphasis on order, perfection, its OK to question traditional beliefs, humans can accomplish anything
Reformation—Catholic Church did not always support scientific thought; new religions weakened Church authority
Overseas Exploration—caused scientific research on new plants & animals brought back

8. Nicolaus Copernicus

9. Nicolaus Copernicus Founder of modern astronomy
Introduced heliocentric hypothesis: earth is 1 of many heavenly bodies that spin on their axes & revolve around the sun
Revolutionize Europe’s concept of the universe
Influenced: Galileo,
Kepler, & Newton

10. Galileo Galilei

11. Galileo Galilei
Considered one of most influential scientists in history
Law of Inertia, invented telescope, astronomy observations
Perfection of scientific method--emphasis on careful, quantitative measurements
The telescope helped him look at moons of jupiter and the half circle of saturn and holes in the moon Law of inertia is that object in motion stay in motion until acted on by an outside force

12. Galileo and the Church (Part I)
Galileo’s Theories
Brought him into direct conflict with the church
Church leaders pressured him not to support ideas of Copernicus
Dialogue concerning Two Chief World Systems, 1632, showed support

13. Galileo and the Church (Part II)
Trial
Pope Urban VII ordered Galileo to Rome to stand trial before Inquisition
Church wanted to stamp out heresy, or dissenting views
Trial held, April 1633

14. Galileo and the Church (Part III)
House Arrest
Galileo stated would not use Copernican theory in work
Received lenient sentence in return
Pope ordered Galileo under house arrest, where he spent rest of life

15. Science and Society Science and the Church Conflicts
As science assumed greater significance, the question of the role of the Roman Catholic Church in a changing culture became important. While the church opposed the views of many scientists, it benefited from new discoveries that made Renaissance art and architecture possible.
Church most powerful institution in Europe, Middle Ages
Primary resource for knowledge, learning
Cathedral schools, universities trained people to run the church
Science and the Church
Most scientists did not want to challenge role of Christianity
Church explained world through inspiration, revealed truth
Science explained world through logical reasoning
Conflicts
The church feared reason as an enemy of faith, but eventually began to embrace some of the achievements of the Scientific Revolution.

16. Isaac Newton

17. The greatest and most influential scientist of the era
Isaac Newton
The greatest and most influential scientist of the era
Major contributions to understanding of motion, light, heat
Discovered theory of gravity
Created calculus
Laws of motion: 1st an object at rest will stay at rest an object in motion will continue In motion unless acted on 2nd force = Mass x Acceleration the bigger an item the more power it takes to move 3rd every action has an equal and opposite reaction – first law is directly related to galileo’s

18. Science and Community
Scientific Revolution established new way of thinking about physical world
Great advances made in astronomy, physics, biology, chemistry
Advances influenced developments in arts, architecture
Impact of Scientific Revolution soon would cause philosophers, scholars to wonder if reason could solve poverty, war, ignorance