1. Timeline of the History, Dynasties, and Styles of Islamic Architecture

5. From Mecca and Medina to Omayyad Spain and the Syrian Desert Palaces - 640 - 740
Islamic architecture
7th – 19th century
Reflection to civilization – where the history of Islamic nation is recorder.
It innovated
special ornamentation
Colors
Engineering units (can be adopted anywhere)
New unity concept merge in Islamic Architecture.
Religious aspect is the most distinctive feature and it is debatable.
Mecca 1850

6. ISLAMIC PERIOD (637 AD - 1258 AD)
1 EARLY ISLAMIC PERIOD (637 AD AD) Kufa and its famous Mosque
2 UMMAYAD PERIOD ( 661 AD AD)
Wasit (Mosque and Dar-al-Imara
3 ABBASIDE PERIOD (750 AD AD)
Early Abbaside Period (Baghdad I, Ukhaidir
)Middle Abbaside Perlod Samarra Iate Abbaside Period

7. Dominant thought, significant event and belief of community influence architecture.
The intellectual integration between heritage and modernism shows the human and Islamic principles which are necessary for architectural reformation.
It is essential to adopt new Islamic Architectural theories despite that they may not fill the gaps in previous theories.

8. Architectural ‘Vacuum’
The Ka'bah, spiritual center of the Islamic world, toward which Muslims turn to pray, is an ancient stone structure, roughly cubical in shape.
Makkah’s first settlers were nomadic tribes who lived in tents dispersed around the well of Zamzam and throughout the valley.
Eventually, however, to accommodate the growing number of pilgrims, the first permanent houses were built around the Ka’bah; these structures were doorless, to welcome the pilgrims.

9. Architectural ‘Vacuum’
Medina, the second holiest city of Islam
Kuba, there stands the first mosque of Islam. Now a simple whitewashed building, it was originally a structure of wattle and clay built by the Prophet himself and his fellow exiles.

11. Sana'a, Yemen Great Mosque - Jami al-Kabir 705-715 Omayyad
According to early sources, Prophet Muhammad commanded the construction of this mosque, including its location and dimensions, sometime around 630. While the validity of this claim lacks evidence and certainty, the mosque remains one of the first architectural projects in Islam. Sometime between 705 and 715, the Umayyid Caliph al-Walid I, rebuilt a new and larger mosque at the site. Isma`ili Queen Arwa ibn Ahmad (12th cent) initiated an upgrade and restoration of the mosque. Towards this end she rebuilt its eastern wing complete with a new beautifully sculpted ceiling.
The remains of Jawatha Mosque, built about 635 and reputedly the oldest mosque in eastern Arabia, are still a cherished site for prayer.

12. The interesting feature in the Architecture of Oman are the building of mosques which are made of stone or mud brick having flat roofs. Minarets where not found in Oman until the 19 th century. One of the most common feature of the mosques is the combination of minbar and mihrab. There is an opening in the mihrab through which the minbar is entered. There are arches resting on cylindrical columns used for the support of the mosque roofs.

14. Omayyad Syria and Spain 661-750
Beginning of Umayyad Architecture
Dome of the Rock and
the Omayyad Mosque of Damascus.
Kufa Mesjid

15. Jerusalem The Dome of the Rock, Masjid Qubbat As-Sakhrah 687 – 691
The Dome was built between 687 and 691 by the 9th Caliph, Abd al-Malik, making it the oldest extant Umayyad Architecture.

20. Damascus, Syria The Great Omayyad Mosque 706-715
During Roman times the site was a temple of Jupiter which was in the Byzantine era converted into a Christian church dedicated to John the Baptist. The Muslim conquest of Damascus in 636 did not affect the church, as the site was shared by Muslim and Christian worshippers.

23. Cordoba, Andalusia The Great Mosque of Cordoba 785-987
The construction took over two centuries, starting in 784 A.D. under the supervision of the first Emir Abd ar-Rahman I.
The mosque underwent numerous subsequent changes: Abd ar-Rahman III built a new minaret, while Al-Hakem II, in 961, enlarged the plan of the building and enriched the mihrab.
The last changes were carried out by Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Amir in 987.

24. THE GREAT MESJID OF CORDOBA
Plan
Plan of Cordoba Mesjid in its
Final form. The extend of the
Original Mesjid (A) is shown,
With the diagram indicating
The method by which the
Ninth-century extension
(B) Was calculated.

25. In 1236 Cordoba was captured by King Ferdinand III of Castile
In 1236 Cordoba was captured by King Ferdinand III of Castile. The Mesquita was reconsecrated as a Christian church. Alfonso X oversaw the construction of the Villaviciosa Chapel and the Royal Chapel within the structure of the mosque. The most significant alteration was the construction of a Renaissance cathedral in the middle of the structure by Charles V (1530s). Still this reversion to a Christian church (officially the Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin) may have helped to preserve the Mesquita
The Mesquita is one of the most beautiful sacred spaces in the world, and Charles V's insertion of an entire cathedral only underscores the peace and quiet of the Islamic architecture.

26. ABBASID ARCHITECTURE (750 - 1300 )
Abbasid North Africa

27. Abbasid and Tulunid Cairo 9-10th cent (868 – 905)
Ahmad ibn Tulun, the son of a Turkish slave of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun was sent to Egypt in 868 as governor. Refusing to send the annual tribute to the Abbasid court, he established himself as an independent ruler of the province. His family ruled in Egypt for 135 years, until 905.

28. Great Mosque of Samarra
The Great Mosque of Samarra is a 9th century mosque which is located in the Iraqi city of Samarra. The mosque was commissioned in 848 and completed in 851 by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil who reigned (in Samarra) from 847 until 861

30. Cairo, Egypt Mosque of Caliph al-Hakim bin Amr Allah 990 – 1004 Fatimid
The Mosque of al Hakim was begun by the Fatimid Caliph al-'Aziz in 990 and finished by his son al-Hakim bin-Amr Allah and his overseer Abu Muhammad al-Hafiz 'Abd al-Ghani ibn Sa'id al-Misri in 1013.

31. From Ayyubid and Mameluk Cairo 1171 - 1660
In Cairo, their first congregational mosque was al-Azhar mosque ("the splendid") founded along with the city (969–973), which, together with its adjacent institution of higher learning (al-Azhar University), became the spiritual center for Ismaili Shia.
al-Azhar mosque

32. Granada, Spain The Alhambra 1332-54 (Nasrid Dynasty)
During the reign of the Nasrid Dynasty, the Alhambra was transformed into a palatine city complete with an irrigation system composed of acequias for the gardens of the Generalife located outside the fortress.

33. THE AL-HAMBRA Introduction
Al Hambra is a palace and fortress complex constructed during the mid 14th century by the Moorish rulers of the Emirate of Granada in Al-Andalus, occupying a hilly terrace on the southeastern border of the city of Granada, now in the autonomous community of Andalusia, Spain.

34. Safavid Iran 1502 - 1736 Safavid Characteristics
Like the architecture of the Ottomans and the Mughals, the work of the Safavids is immediately recognizable. Certain features, although by no means universal, are typical. Among these are the following:
Courtyards with four iwans, each with a rectangular frame with elaborate designs
Intricate geometric and organic designs, often completely covering a dome or spread in columns or rows over large wall areas
Deep colors (especially blues, greens, yellows) and white
Tiers of muqarnas or stalactite vaulting
Slightly pointed rather than hemispherical domes.
Very little Safavid architecture survives from the 16th century. The 17th century, however, offers some of the most famous and beautiful Islamic structures in the world.

35. Naqsh-e Jahan Square
Naghsh-e Jahan Square (Persian: ميدان نقش جهان maidaan-e naqsh-e jehaan; trans: "Image of the World Square"), officially known as Imam Square (میدان امام), formerly known as Shah Square (میدان شاه), situated at the center of Isfahan city, Iran. It is an important historical site and one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites. The square is surrounded by buildings from the Safavid era. The Shah Mosque is situated on the south side of this square. On the west side you can find Ali Qapu Palace. Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque is situated on the eastern side of this square and the northern side opens into the Isfahan Grand Bazaar. Today, Namaaz-e Jom'eh (the Muslim Friday prayer) is held in this square in front of the Shah Mosque.

36. Isfahan, Iran
 The Golden Age of Esfahan arrived in the 16th century under Shah Abbas I ( ) who made it the new capital of the Safavid dynasty

37. Panoramic view
Imam Mosque
Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque
Ali Qapu palace.
From Bazar Entrance

38. Isfahan, Iran Masjid-i Hakim - Mosque of Al-Hakim 1656-1662 Safavid

39. ؟

40. لا اله الا الله محمد رسول الله

41. Ottoman Turkey 13th –16th Century
In 1453, Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Turks and Sultan Mehmed II ordered the building to be converted into a mosque.The bells, altar, iconostasis, and sacrificial vessels were removed, and many of the mosaics were eventually plastered over. The Islamic features — such as the mihrab, the minbar, and the four minarets outside — were added over the course of its history under the Ottomans

42. The architecture of the empire developed from the earlier Seljuk architecture and was heavily influenced by
Iranian
Byzantine architecture
Islamic Mamluk
Brief Overview of Seljuks
The Seljuks were another Central Asian nomadic group. They were the first Turkic dynasty to control Central Asia as far as the eastern Mediterranean. The Seljuks moved West in 1040 AD. Tughrul Beg established the Great Seljuk polity which included Iraq and Syria. He captured Baghdad in 1055 AD.
The Seljuks were Sunni Muslims. They adopted traditional Iranian bureaucratic institutions of government and special schools of learning, the madrasa. The Seljuks were important patrons of art and architecture and were responsible for producing great metalwork, ceramics and literature.
The last Seljuk sultan died in battle in 1194 when the Great Seljuks were defeated by the Mongols. A breakaway group, the Seljuks of Rum, settled in Anatolia. Like the Great Seljuks, they eventually succumbed to the expansion of the Mongols during the 12th and 13th centuries.

43. Edirne was the last Ottoman capital before Istanbul, and it is here that we witness the final stages in the architectural development that culminated (peak) in the construction of the great mosques of Istanbul.
Selimiye Mosque / Edirne / Turkey

44. Selimiye Mosque

45. Floor plan of the complex, showing (1) mosque, (2) mausoleum of Süleyman, (3) mausoleum of Hürrem, (4) Koran recitation school, (5) public fountain, (6) elementary school, (7) first (evvel) madrasa, (8) second (sani) madrasa, (9) remains of medical school, (10) hospital, (11) hospice, (12) guesthouse, (13) Sinan's tomb with domed sabil and empty plot of his endowed school and residence, (14) the janissary agha's residence, (15) third (salis) madrasa, (16) fourth (rabi) madrasa, (17) bathhouse, (18) hadith college, (19) madrasa near the palace of Fatma

46. Architecture - Indo-Islamic Architecture:
Introduction
With the coming of Muslims to India, many new features came to be introduced in buildings. The development of Muslim Style of Architecture of this period can be called the Indo-Islamic Architecture or the Indian Architecture influenced by Islamic Art

47. Mughal India, Pakistan, and China 1220 – 1858
Kondugallur, Kerala Cheraman Perumal Juma Masjid 625 Malik Ibn Dinar
Malik Ibn Dinar left us a small mosque resembling the "palm hut of the Prophet" but of no other architectural interest.

48. Agra, India Taj Mahal 1632-1648 Mughal
The Taj Mahal mausoleum was built by Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife Arjumand Banu Begam, better known by her title Mumtaz Mahal (d.1631),

50. The Taj Mahal (1630–1648) in Agra, India and the Shalimar Garden (1641–1642) in Lahore, Pakistan, are two sites which are on the world heritage list of UNESCO. One can see the architectural similarities and the love for water that the Mughals expressed in many of their buildings.
The Taj is considered to be one of the most beautiful monuments of love and is one of the Seven Wonders of the World, when it comes to tourism.

51. Islam in China
Islam in China usually evokes the mosques and tombs of Chinese Turkestan (Kashgar, Turfan). People who have seen more know of the Great Mosque in Xian, but few realize that remnants of one of the earliest (7th or more likely 9th cent) Islamic mosques is in Guangzhou (Canton).

54. Sino-Architecture 2 type of Sino Islamic arch. From Near East
Adapted to Traditional Chinese architecture adapted to Islamic belief and ritual requirement.
Islam 1st introduce thru port-cities Guangzhou (canton) and Quanzhou
Later thru central Asia.

55. Significances & Features
Materiality
Form
Space
Element
Minarets
Dome
Arches
Adaptability
Functionality
Religious practice
Building expression
Proportion
Sinan-bldg science
Outside-inside