1. Age of Enlightenment
Chapter 11

2. Age of Enlightenment An intellectual and scientific movement
rational and scientific approach to religious, social, political, and economic issues.

3. New way of thinking European thinkers abandoned old scientific ideas
Scientific Advancements
mathematics
experimentations
Challenged traditional thinking
Example: God made the earth at the center of the universe

4. Scientific Knowledge in Middle Ages
Before Age of Enlightenment
Facts not investigated
didn’t make own observations
ancient work in poor condition

5. Ptolemy Geocentric theory: Earth at the center of the solar system
corrected by Copernicus
geocentric or earth-centered theory
sun and planets move around the earth in circular paths

6. Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus
Ptolemy theory too complex (geocentric theory)
Heliocentric Theory
Sun-centered theory
sun, not earth, at center of solar system
planets move in circular motion around sun

7. Johannes Kepler made corrections Johannes Kepler
Supported Copernicus theory (heliocentric)
made corrections
planets move in eclipses, or oval paths, not circular

8. Galileo Galileo Challenged Aristotle
Aristotle: weight of object determines the speed at which it falls.
Galileo: Conducted experiments
Objects fall at same speed regardless of weight

9. Galileo Galilei Improvements: Scientific Instruments clock
water thermometer (temp changes to be measured)
telescope (evidence to support Copernicus)
Condemned by Roman Catholic Church
geocentric theory “in bible”
tried for heresy by Pope
withdrew many statements

10. Galileo Galilei Found Guilty 7 out of 10 inquisitors house arrest
leniency for admitting fault (not intentionally)
denied proper church burial (by Pope)
buried in unmarked grave

11. Isaac Newton Led to modern physics
Motion of objects in space and on earth
Universal law of gravitation
force of gravity holds the solar system together
keeps planets and sun in their orbits

12. Descartes Mathematics was the source of all scientific truth
Founder or rationalism
rationalism: belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

13. Scientific Method Francis Bacon
Scientific Method: orderly way of collecting and analyzing evidence
Observe
hypothesis
predict
test
modify